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Development and initial validation of the COVID Stress Scales
Open accessAbstract
Research and clinical observations suggest that during times of pandemic many people exhibit stress- or anxiety-related responses that include fear of becoming infected, fear of coming into contact with possibly contaminated objects or surfaces, fear of foreigners who might be carrying infection (i.e., disease-related xenophobia), fear of the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking regarding possible pandemic-related threats, and traumatic stress symptoms about the pandemic (e.g., nightmares, intrusive thoughts). We developed the 36-item COVID Stress Scales (CSS) to measure these features, as they pertain to COVID-19. The CSS were developed to better understand and assess COVID-19-related distress. The scales were intentionally designed so they could be readily adapted for future pandemics. The CSS were developed and initially validated in population-representative samples from Canada (N = 3479) and the United States (N = 3375). A stable 5-factor solution was identified, corresponding to scales assessing COVID-related stress and anxiety symptoms: (1) Danger and contamination fears, (2) fears about economic consequences, (3) xenophobia, (4) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking, and (5) traumatic stress symptoms about COVID-19. The scales performed well on various indices of reliability and validity. The scales were intercorrelated, providing evidence of a COVID Stress Syndrome. The scales offer promise as tools for better understanding the distress associated with COVID-19 and for identifying people in need of mental health services.
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“Since the onset of the pandemic, an important number of studies have been interested in its psychological impacts and showed increases in rates of mental health disturbances.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, faced with the increase in the prevalence of psychological distress [3,4], it seems useful to invest in the development of prevention tools.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While the CSS is a novel measure, initial data suggest that the CSS is reliable (Cronbach’s α for individual subscales ranged from 0.86–0.95) and valid [97].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“While an initial five-factor structure was proposed, subsequent studies have proposed a six-factor solution [97,98].”
From Brief and Telehealth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Interventions for Stress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Series of Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) Studies (2022) · cites this paper as [97]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As per Taylor et al. (2020), anxiety mainly related to worries about catching the virus and socio‐economic concerns.”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Taylor et al. (2020)
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“The CSS is a 36-item measure of COVID distress.”
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“To date, there has been little empirical attention devoted to this issue; indeed, while several measures of COVID-19-related fears have recently emerged (e.g., Ahorsu et al., 2020) , they tend to be unidimensional (i.e., focused on general fear aspects of and are based on limited psychometric evaluation.”
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Items 501–600 of 999
Tomić, S. D., Tomić, S., Malenković, G., Malenković, J., Šljivo, A., & Mujičić, E. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060894 · Cited by 7
“[28] summarized the psychological effects of COVID-19 under the name of COVID-19 Stress Syndrome, described in six subscales: 1.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPsychosocial Wellbeing among Patients with Breast Cancer during COVID-19
Maculaitis, M. C., Liu, X., Berk, A. R., Massa, A., Weiss, M. C., Kurosky, S. K., Li, B. C., & McRoy, L. (2023) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol30040294 · Cited by 7
“COVID-19-related stress was assessed using 3 subscales from the COVID Stress Scale (CSS), measuring perceived COVID-related danger/contamination fears, socioeconomic consequences, and traumatic stress (scores can range from 0–24; higher scores indicate greater COVID-related stress) [32].”
MethodChiang, W.-C., & Chen, S. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04643-9 · Cited by 8
“The dimension of COVID-19 danger and contamination fears, hereinafter referred to as “COVID-19-related fears”, was found to be the core symptom of CSS through network analyses (Taylor et al., 2020b).”
InfluentialXu, X., Zhang, J., Fang, R., Liu, H., Zhou, W., She, Y., Liu, F., Hong, X., & Deng, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1198822 · Cited by 8
“Fear of infection (FoBI) is a normal psychological reaction that is increasingly recognized (43).”
BackgroundFong, T. C. T., Chang, K., Ho, R., Chio, F. H. N., YIP, P. S. F., & Wen, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.105 · Cited by 7
Pinciotti, C. M., Piacsek, K., Kay, B., Bailey, B. E., & Riemann, B. C. (2021) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc_2021_85_04 · Cited by 7
Psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) in Brazil
de Medeiros, É. D., da Silva, P. G. N., Reis, L. M., Monteiro, R. P., Coelho, G. L. D. H., Guimarães, C. L. C., & de Medeiros, P. C. B. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1961175 · Cited by 7
“2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC emotional reactions during and after the pandemic (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMarić, N. P., Lazarević, L. B., Mihić, L., Pejovic-Milovancevic, M. M., Terzić-Šupić, Z., Tošković, O., Todorović, J., Vuković, O., & Knežević, G. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053835 · Cited by 6
Song, H., & Lee, D.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010645 · Cited by 7
“Coronavirus-related stress was assessed using the COVID Stress scale [28]; its reliability and validity have been verified [29].”
MethodFarmani, A., Bougar, M. R., Khodarahimi, S., & Farahmand, H. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02341-y · Cited by 7
“Resulting decrease per capita income of people; increase the risk of psychosocial harms such as spousal abuse, child abuse, elder abuse, disability abuse, violence of other relatives, child labor, divorce petition, acute family dispute, unemployment/financial problems, and substance abuse (Agüero, 2021; Bao et al., 20…”
Background“COVID-19 Psychology” among Older Adults: As a Grief Process
Durak, M., & Şenol-Durak, E. (2020) · Journal of Aging and Long-Term Care · doi:10.51819/jaltc.2020.901148 · Cited by 7
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the “COVID Stress Scales” in GreekPreprint
Galanis, P., Vraka, I. S., Katsiroumpa, A., Konstantakopoulou, O., Siskou, O. C., Zogaki, E., & Καϊτελίδου, Δ. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.02.28.22271615 · Cited by 7
Salani, D., Goldin, D., Valdes, B., & McKay, M. (2022) · The American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.naj.0000884568.95085.dd · Cited by 4
Aruta, J. J. B. R., Mateo, N. J., Resurreccion, R. R., Galanza, M. A. M. C., & Bernardo, A. B. I. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23214 · Cited by 9
Newman, P. A., Chakrapani, V., Massaquoi, N., Williams, C. C., Tharao, W. E., Tepjan, S., Roungprakhon, S., Forbes, J., Sebastian, S., Akkakanjanasupar, P., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280710 · Cited by 9
Donker, M. H., Mastrotheodoros, S., Yanagida, T., & Branje, S. (2024) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-024-02048-w · Cited by 8
COVID-19 Stressors and Resilience Among Nurse Leaders
Montgomery, A. P., & Patrician, P. A. (2024) · Nursing Administration Quarterly · doi:10.1097/naq.0000000000000607 · Cited by 5
“25 The negative beliefs about COVID-19 (eg, worry about infection, sources, and consequences) could lead to checking (CSS-CR) for information to make the pandemic event more predictable and controllable.”
The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory: A validation study
Schonfeld, I. S., Prytherch, T., Cropley, M., & Bianchi, R. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053221106129 · Cited by 6
“Two other psychological symptom scales that were developed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic are the COVID Stress Scales (CSS; Taylor et al., 2020) and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S; Ahorsu et al., 2020; Giordani et al., 2022; Sawicki et al., 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCheslack‐Postava, K., Forthal, S., Musa, G. J., Ryan, M., Bresnahan, M. A., Sapigao, R. G., Lin, S. X., Fan, B., Svob, C., Geronazzo‐Alman, L., et al. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02553-6 · Cited by 6
Post-traumatic growth in oncological patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
Lafuenti, L., Dinapoli, L., Mastrilli, L., Savoia, V., Linardos, M., Masetti, R., Tortora, G., Valentini, V., Scambia, G., & Chieffo, D. P. R. (2023) · Health Psychology Report · doi:10.5114/hpr/169165 · Cited by 6
“To better understand the impact of COVID-19 on psychological health, we can refer to an article by Taylor et al. (2020), in which the authors observed that the distress linked to the whole pandemic situation was in any case significantly more debilitating than having contracted the virus itself.”
BackgroundZhang, Q., Kim, M., & Chang, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24111 · Cited by 9
“In essence, the power of various media, including social media, can have similar consequences on adolescents during an infectious disease outbreak or disaster similar to COVID-19 [60,61].”
BackgroundMethodDeek, H., & Massouh, A. R. (2024) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2023-002550 · Cited by 6
“21 The Arabic version of the scale was previously used in the Saudi setting and evaluated for its psychometric properties which were found to be valid and reliable.”
MethodЦвет как инструмент управления эмоциями в публикациях о пандемии COVID-19 в русскоязычных онлайн-СМИ
Griber, Y. A., & Евгеньевна, С. Е. (2020) · Monitoring obŝestvennogo mneniâ: èkonomičeskie i socialʹnye peremeny · doi:10.14515/monitoring.2020.6.1745 · Cited by 8
Nastiti, R., & Rusvitawati, D. (2021) · INOBIS Jurnal Inovasi Bisnis dan Manajemen Indonesia · doi:10.31842/jurnalinobis.v4i2.184 · Cited by 6
“This anxiety can affect people’s psychological well-being (Kang et al., 2020; Mukhtar, 2020; Pakpour and Griffiths, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Chen, S., Yang, D., & Li, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619303 · Cited by 6
Liu, W., Shao, W., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s320241 · Cited by 6
Pandemi Sürecinde Annelerin Koronavirüs Hastalığı Korkusu ve Anne-Çocuk İletişimi
Kurt, Ş. H. (2021) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.971643 · Cited by 8
Religious Views of Suffering Profile Groups during COVID-19
Wang, K. T., Cowan, K. J., Eriksson, C. B., Januzik, M., & Conant, M. R. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13050453 · Cited by 7
Hoseinzadeh, E., Ebadi, A., Nia, H. S., Froelicher, E. S., & Rahmatpour, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.845015 · Cited by 6
“There are different scales such as the scale of the fear of COVID-19 (16), Coronavirus anxiety scale (17), scale of threat of Coronavirus (18), and COVID stress scale (19).”
BackgroundCaycho‐Rodríguez, T., Vilca, L. W., Carbajal-León, C., Reyes-Bossio, M. A., Delgado-Campusano, M., Gallegos, M., Esteban, R. F. C., & Noé-Grijalva, M. (2022) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/12388 · Cited by 6
Preceptor support during the COVID-19 pandemic: Recommendations for continuing development
Hugo, L., Nyoni, C. N., Williams, M., & Botha, B. S. (2022) · Curationis · doi:10.4102/curationis.v45i1.2370 · Cited by 6
“Figure 2 presents the outcome of the CSS from the respondents, with the respective standard deviation (s.d.) as error bars.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialManaging the unexpected: Bicultural identity integration during the COVID-19 emergency
Shamloo, S. E., Cocco, V. M., Faccini, M., Benet‐Martínez, V., & Trifiletti, E. (2023) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101781 · Cited by 6
Hammad, S. S., Alzhrani, M. D., & Almulla, H. A. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2023.03.008 · Cited by 8
“During the pandemic, “COVID stress syndrome” was used repeatedly in the literature to denote the psychological distress that the pandemic caused various populations [9,10].”
Do executive functions buffer against COVID-19 stress?
Ng, T. L. Y., Majeed, N. M., Lua, V. Y. Q., & Hartanto, A. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04652-8 · Cited by 7
“…operationalized by the seven items of the Fear of Covid-19 Scale (Ahorsu et al., 2020 ) as well as the five subscales of the COVID-19 Stress Scales (Taylor et al., 2020), which include (1) fears of danger and contamination, (2) compulsive checking and reassurance seeking against pandemic related…”
InfluentialImroz, S. M., Curtis, T., & Ambrose, S. C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151813753 · Cited by 6
Reigada, L. C., Farnaz Kaighobadi, A., Niwa, E. Y., Ahmed, T., Carlson, D. J., & Shane, J. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2249104 · Cited by 6
Cannabis to cope with COVID-19 in college
Jaffe, A. E., Brockdorf, A. N., Duckworth, J. C., Blayney, J. A., & Stappenbeck, C. A. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2277861 · Cited by 6
COVID-19 anxiety and its relation to anxiety-related disorder symptoms and mechanisms
Byam, L. J., & Penney, A. M. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104179 · Cited by 7
Koppner, J., Lindelöf, A., Iredahl, F., Tevell, M., Nilsson, S., Thorsell, A., Faresjö, Å., & Larsen, H. I. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18199-1 · Cited by 6
“Supporting this are the findings of Özdemir and Çelen [25] who saw that increased stress among old adults was Table 4 Risks for being affected by psychosocial factors during the Covid − 19 pandemic, comparing participants who reported a negative effect on their mental health due the pandemic to…”
ResultLovisetto, F., Guala, A., Facciotto, G., & Zonta, S. (2020) · Journal of Surgical Case Reports · doi:10.1093/jscr/rjaa345 · Cited by 6
“Two months after the episode, we investigated our patient about his stress responses related to the pandemic using the 36-item COVID Stress Scale [4].”
MethodKorsnes, M. S., Grødal, E., Kjellén, E., Kaspersen, T. M. C., Gjellesvik, K. B., Benth, J. Š., & Mcpherson, B. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.576935 · Cited by 5
“Research have shown that they experience a larger increase in psychiatric symptoms like anxiety, depression, stress and insomnia during the pandemic compared to healthy controls (15), as well as symptoms of COVID-19-related stress (16, 17).”
BackgroundTHE EFFECTS OF COVID19 PANDEMIC UPON TOURISM: A SAMPLE FROM THE CITY OF KARS
Kaygın, E., & Topçuoğlu, E. (2020) · Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.30798/makuiibf.793095 · Cited by 6
“When the averages were taken into consideration, they were found to be appropriate for very criterion (Taylor et al., 2020).”
InfluentialMcCall, H. C., Beahm, J. D., Landry, C. A., Huang, Z., Carleton, R. N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249319 · Cited by 11
“Finally, other studies have identified several issues regarding the COVID-19 pandemic that we did not assess, including fears of socio-economic consequences, xenophobia, reassurance seeking and compulsive checking, and traumatic stress symptoms [17].”
BackgroundYILDIZ, E., Alkan, S., Tokur, M. E., KOÇAK, Ö., BİLGEÇ, S. B., YILDIRIMER, A., & Balcı, C. (2021) · SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17343/sdutfd.882994 · Cited by 6
Sustaining Healthy Staying Communities in University Residential Halls amid Unprecedented Pandemic
Cheng, M., Leung, M.-L., Yu, C. W. M., Yue, K. K. M., Liu, E. S.-C., & Chu, S. K. W. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13116176 · Cited by 6
“[39] have coined the term “COVID Stress”, dedicated to the amount of distress felt by most people during the pandemic.”
BackgroundPsychometric Validation of the Arabic Fear of Illness and Virus Evaluation
Tounsi, A. A., Alammar, S. M., Al-Maflehi, N. S., Bamashmous, M. S., Al-Madani, A., & Ibrahim, M. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168529 · Cited by 6
“A number of tools were developed to assess the psychological influence of COVID-19 outbreak [22,23].”
MethodBehavior and Attitude of Students in the New Normal Perspective of Learning
Mallillin, L. L. D., Lipayon, I. C., Mallillin, J. B., & Mallillin, D. (2021) · EAS Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.36349/easjpbs.2021.v03i02.001 · Cited by 6
COVID-Related Distress Is Associated with Increased Menstrual Pain and Symptoms in Adult Women
Payne, L. A., Seidman, L. C., Ren, B., & Greenfield, S. F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010774 · Cited by 6
“In participants with baseline and follow-up data, education level, CSS compulsive checking, and body pain severity in the past month were positively related to menstrual symptom count, and age was negatively related to menstrual symptom count.”
BackgroundInfluentialImpacto psicológico de la pandemia por COVID-19 en adultos mayores de Argentina
Cervigni, M., Martino, P., Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Barés, I., Calandra, M., & Gallegos, M. (2022) · Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento ( RACC ) · doi:10.32348/1852.4206.v14.n2.32056 · Cited by 8
Žunjić, A., Stojkovic, D., Čičević, S., Trifunović, A., & Yue, G. X.-G. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.6722/tes.202010_4(1).0005 · Cited by 6
Stress and headaches in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic
Francisco, J., Golshan, F., Morrison, T. G., & Mickleborough, M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0288745 · Cited by 5
“Cronbach’s alpha scores for each of these subscales have exceeded 0.80 [27], suggesting the measure possesses good scale score reliability.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLac, A. (2024) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2024.2343372 · Cited by 5
“…to illness and death, safety precautions such as washing hands and disinfecting, quarantining to minimize the transmission of the virus, complying with governmental mandates, and other disruptions to normalcy (Omer et al., 2020; Park et al., 2020; Pfefferbaum & North, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Remotely administered non‐deceptive placebos reduce COVID‐related stress, anxiety, and depression
Guevarra, D. A., Webster, C. T., Moros, J. N., Kross, E. F., & Moser, J. S. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12583 · Cited by 6
Fernandes, M. A., Hickle, S. D., Penna, S., Ioachimescu, A. G., & Tone, E. B. (2024) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2024/4393169 · Cited by 5
“Finally, to capture COVID-related psychological and physical health concerns, the COVID Stress Scale (CSS) [34] and the Coronavirus Stressor Survey, adapted from McLean and Cloitre [35], were included in the battery.”
Lam, C. N., Kumar, N. G., Herzig, S. E., Unger, J. B., & Sood, N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0326097 · Cited by 5
“For perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, we used the 6-item validated COVID Stress Scale [24].”
Essere genitori durante l'emergenza COVID-19: stress percepito e difficoltà emotive dei figli
Canzi, E., Ferrari, L., Lopez, G., Danioni, F., Ranieri, S., Parise, M., Pagani, A. F., Barni, D., Donato, S., Bertoni, A., et al. (2021) · MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL INFANZIA · doi:10.3280/mal2021-001003 · Cited by 5
Pagé, M. G., Dassieu, L., Develay, É., Roy, M., Vachon‐Presseau, É., LUPIEN, S. J., & Rainville, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2021.725893 · Cited by 7
“Many scales are now available to measure stress specifically in the context of the pandemic, such as the COVID Stress Scales (41) and the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (42).”
BackgroundEarly Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outpatient Neurologic Care in Hawai'i.
Crocker, J., Liu, K., Smith, M., Nakamoto, M., Mitchell, C., Zhu, E., Ma, E., Morden, F. T. C., Chong, A., Van, N., et al. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 5
Zaki, R. A., Ibrahim Morsi, Z. M., & Ibrahim Morsi, F. M. (2022) · Egyptian Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences · doi:10.21608/ejnhs.2022.227801 · Cited by 5
Kaya, G., TRABZON, Ş., & Altındiş, M. (2022) · Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer · doi:10.33631/sabd.1108744 · Cited by 6
The Adaptation of COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS) Measurement Tool in Indonesian Language
Muthi'ah, A. G., Yanuar, A., Amanta, A. G., Debora, A., Putriandina, S., Halim, M. S., & Riyanti, B. P. D. (2022) · Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in social science, education and humanities research · doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220404.266 · Cited by 5
Slovak parents’ mental health and socioeconomic changes during the COVID-19 pandemic
Vargová, L., Mikulášková, G., Fedáková, D., Lačný, M., Babjáková, J., Šlosáriková, M., Babinčák, P., Ropovik, I., & Adamkovic, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.934293 · Cited by 4
“Concerns about health have played an important role in mental health during the pandemic (61).”
BackgroundFerber, S. G., Shoval, G., Zalsman, G., & Weller, A. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i8.1004 · Cited by 5
Letzel‐Alt, V., Pozas, M., & Schneider, C. (2022) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-022-09621-w · Cited by 6
Stone, B. M., & Wang, V. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100479 · Cited by 5
Buran, G., & Çankaya, S. (2023) · Balıkesır Health Sciences Journal · doi:10.53424/balikesirsbd.1069474 · Cited by 5
Shiri, M. S., Karami, H., Ameri, H., Sari, A. A., Tatari, M., Emamgholipour, S., & Afshari, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1049642 · Cited by 5
Rowe, E., Harris, C. D., Dzafic, I., & Garrido, M. I. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26230 · Cited by 5
“, 2020) and nonclinical populations (Cao et al., 2020; Roy et al., 2020; Taylor et al., 2020).”
Sorid, S. D., Yap, D. L., Bravo, A. J., & Behar, E. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10365-w · Cited by 5
Psychometric properties of the traditional Chinese version of the COVID Stress Scales in Hong Kong
Ng, T. K., Chan, W., & Wang, K. W. C. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1149221 · Cited by 5
“The original English version of the CSS was first validated in the Canadian and American populations (13).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWorry About COVID-19 and Other Extreme Events Amongst Educators in Australia
Zant, T. V. D., & Dix, K. (2023) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/00049441231168447 · Cited by 7
“Taylor et al. (2020) found that worry about the COVID-19 pandemic was positively associated with anxiety, depression, health anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms reported by American and Canadian adults.”
BackgroundMosch, B., Hagena, V., Herpertz, S., & Diers, M. (2023) · Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology · doi:10.55563/clinexprheumatol/i7kod6 · Cited by 6
The impact of social support and emotion dysregulation on COVID-19 depressive symptoms
Dhruve, D. M., Russo, J. E., & Oliveros, A. D. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165889 · Cited by 6
Healthcare workers’ safety compliance behavior in times of COVID-19: The interaction model
Chin, T. L., & Chee, T. L. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-230522 · Cited by 5
“Prior studies [38, 39] have shown that safety-related stigma influences workers’ health and safety because it is related to mental illness such as stress, burnout, depression and loneliness.”
Mental health disorders among Thai farmers: occupational and non-occupational stressors
Noomnual, S., Konthonbut, P., Kongtip, P., & Woskie, S. (2024) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2024.2310810 · Cited by 5
“Part 4 collected data on stress symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic using the COVID Stress Scale (CSS) developed by Taylor and colleagues and utilized for assessing COVID-related stress symptoms among Canadian and US population (Taylor et al. 2020).”
MethodSmith, S., Beima‐Sofie, K., Naveed, A., Bhatia, N., Micheni, M., Nguyen, A. T., Slaughter, F. A., Wang, L., Prabhu, S., Wallace, S. E., et al. (2024) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-024-04273-7 · Cited by 5
“In the survey, we included a seven-item COVID stress scale created by selecting items from the longer 36-item COVID Stress Scale to capture several dimensions of COVID-19 stress while minimizing participant burden [21].”
MethodRural Teachers’ Burnout, Well-Being, and COVID-19 Related Stress During the Pandemic
Deaton, J. D., Borders, L. D., Morris, C. A. W., McKinney, J. L. G., Fantahun, S., & Smith, A. N. (2023) · The rural educator · doi:10.55533/2643-9662.1336 · Cited by 5
Mohammadi, M. R., Zarafshan, H., Bashi, S. K., & Khaleghi, A. (2020) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v15i4.4293 · Cited by 5
“The COVID Stress Scales (CSS) is another self-reported questionnaire (28).”
BackgroundThe Turkish adaptation and psychometric characteristics of the COVID-19 Traumatic Stress Scale
Altınöz, Ş. T., Dalḡar, İ., & Altınöz, A. E. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1909670 · Cited by 5
“The COVID-19 Stress Scale has five subscales: COVID danger and contamination fears, COVID fears about economic consequences, COVID xenophobia, COVID compulsive checking and reassurance-seeking, and COVID traumatic stress symptoms (Taylor et al., 2020).”
Entre le marteau et l’enclume : le rôle de l’optimisme situé
Guiliani, F., Cisneros, L., Saba, T., & Cachat‐Rosset, G. (2021) · Revue internationale P M E Économie et gestion de la petite et moyenne entreprise · doi:10.7202/1079176ar · Cited by 5
“Selon Taylor et al. (2020), l’une des cinq dimensions du syndrome de stress induit de la Covid-19 ( Covid stress syndrome) est l’inquiétude due aux coûts socioéconomiques de la Covid-19 (s’inquiéter des finances et des perturbations dans la chaîne d’approvisionnement).”
BackgroundPsychological vulnerability and coping among management students during COVID-19 pandemic
Sundaray, B. K., Sarangi, P. P., & Patra, S. K. (2021) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-05-2021-0041 · Cited by 5
Effect of Covid-19 related Stress on Marital Quality during Covid-19 Pandemic
Budiartini, N. N. (2021) · Psychological Research and Intervention · doi:10.21831/pri.v4i1.43287 · Cited by 5
“Prayer, rituals and religious beliefs can help a person cope when experiencing life’s stress because of hope and comfort (Rammohan, Rao & Subbakrishna, 2002 in Utami, 2012).”
BackgroundKumar, V. V., Chatterjee, B., & Tankha, G. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13179828 · Cited by 5
“Then, the COVID-19 stress scale was developed [37,38].”
MethodDetermination of resilience factors in individuals who tested COVID-19 positive
Karaman, M. A., Tomar, İ. H., Aliyev, R., Eşici, H., Şam, M., & Özbay, Y. (2021) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2021.1984394 · Cited by 5
“The negative effects of epidemics onmental health can be even more prolonged and serious than the effects on physical health (Taylor et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown Resulting in an Unusual Rectal Foreign Body in a Young Male
(2021) · European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences · doi:10.34104/ejmhs.021.01320135 · Cited by 5
Olaleye, T. O. (2022) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2022.39903 · Cited by 5
“Sense of impending danger amongst college staff, feeling of fear, panic and difficulty controlling worry will likewise be counterproductive especially for older staff with pre-existing respiratory conditions [6].”
BackgroundMihić, L., Terzić-Šupić, Z., Todorović, J., & Marić, N. P. (2022) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2022.01.015 · Cited by 5
“’s study, in which a 5-factor solution was used.(4,7,8) It is possible that different cultural contexts and different time points during the pandemic can make some worries more salient and, consequently, more distinguishable.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMental Impact of COVID-19 – Fear, Stress, Anxiety, Depression and Sequels
Parchani, A., Panda, P. K., & Krishnan, V. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.102754 · Cited by 5
Irrational Consumption during the COVID-19 Period
Yu, W., He, L., Lin, X., Freudenreich, T., & Liu, T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095031 · Cited by 5
Yen, C.-C., Chan, M.-H., Lin, W., & Yeh, S. J. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221096278 · Cited by 6
“Greater severity of COVID stress syndrome, as assessed based on total COVID stress scale score, was associated with younger age, female gender, unemployment, low educational attainment, and pre-existing diagnosis of a mental health disorder.(23) The core symptom of COVID stress syndrome is worries about the dangerousn…”
BackgroundLu, X., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Ma, Z., Huo, S., Bu, T., & Tang, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.840686 · Cited by 6
The Experience of Nurses Who were Isolated due to COVID-19 Infection: A Qualitative Study
Siagian, E., & Rantung, G. A. J. (2022) · Nurse Media Journal of Nursing · doi:10.14710/nmjn.v12i1.42239 · Cited by 5
A critique of the internship measurement scales in higher education
Çalış, Ş., Tan, E., Maç, S. D., & Turan, Ş. A. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100491 · Cited by 5
Validity and reliability of the COVID‐19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale in Canadian dentists
Seth, R., Madathil, S. A., Siqueira, W. L., McNally, M., Quiñonez, C., Glogauer, M., & Allison, P. J. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2877 · Cited by 5
Lourie, A., Kennedy, S. J., Henshaw, E. J., & James, D. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0287792 · Cited by 5
“COVID-19 related stress was measured using the traumatic stress, contamination, danger, and compulsive checking subscales of the COVID-19 Stress Scales (CSS) [36].”
MethodCitizen volunteers detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA from outdoor urban fomites
Ardura, A., Dopico, E., Fernández, S., & García‐Vázquez, E. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147719 · Cited by 6
Mental health and COVID-19 pandemic: The literature review
Marić, N. P. (2021) · Medicinski podmladak · doi:10.5937/mp72-32877 · Cited by 5
Pre-travel risk assessment for international business travellers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Tufnell, M. L. A., Kause, J., & Iley, S. (2021) · Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102162 · Cited by 5
“shown to score significantly higher on the COVID Stress Scales than those without [5].”
The Japanese version of the COVID Stress ScalePreprint
Muta, T., sato, H., Takashina, H. N., Akiyama, N., Takebayashi, Y., & Yokomitsu, K. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/6apd8 · Cited by 5
Negri, O., Horesh, D., Gordon, I., & Hasson-Ohayon, I. (2022) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001518 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Paluszek, M. M., Fergus, T. A., McKay, D., & Asmundson, G. J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- University of Regina (CA)
- Baylor University (US)
- Fordham University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Asmundson, Gordon J.G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 72
- Pages
- 102232
- ISSN
- 0887-6185 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7198206
- OpenAlex
- W3020973746
- Cited by
- 1,169
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 270 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 123
- FWCI
- 95.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Anxiety Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID Stress Scale, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic stress, anxiety, fear of contamination, economic impact of pandemic, compulsive checking, reassurance seeking, traumatic stress symptoms, scale development, scale validation, mental health screening
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety, Canada, Fear, Female, Health Services Needs and Demand, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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