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Cited by 91Food Waste Reduction and SustainabilityConsumer Attitudes and Food LabelingOrganic Food and Agriculture

Completing the food waste management loop: Is there market potential for value-added surplus products (VASP)?

McCarthy, Breda, Kapetanaki, Ariadne Beatrice, Wang, Pengji·2020·Journal of Cleaner Production
DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120435
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Abstract

Addressing the social, environmental and economic consequences of food waste has become an urgent issue for governments and industry stakeholders. This study investigates the factors influencing consumer acceptance of novel value-added surplus products (VASP) which could advance industry action to reduce food waste. Consumers’ perceptions and potential acceptance of VASP is under-explored in the academic literature. A survey with a panel of 687 consumers in Australia and the UK was conducted to examine the factors that influence consumers’ willingness to buy VASP and to identify potential consumer segments. Almost half of the participants are willing to buy VASP, such as a vegetable powder, a snack and a fermented product, with Australian respondents being more likely to buy these types of foods (47%, 51% and 44%) than respondents in the UK (43%, 49% and 39%). Consumers who are price conscious, convenience oriented, status seeking and concerned about the consequences of food waste are more willing to buy VASP than others. Cluster analysis reveals two consumer segments that show promise for the targeted marketing of VASP: the ‘status and convenience seeker’, which is a larger segment in Australia (76%) than in the UK (59%), and the ‘price and environmentally conscious’ consumer, which is larger in the UK (41%) than in Australia (24%). Respondents generally rank ‘other-oriented’ benefits, such as farmers’ welfare, as more important drivers of purchasing than ‘self-oriented’ benefits, such as healthy food. The results not only advance the theoretical understanding about consumer acceptance and segmentation of novel products, but also provide a valuable indication of the market potential of VASP, along with positioning strategies to assist marketers and policy makers in preventing pre-consumption food waste.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

A survey of 687 consumers in Australia and the UK finds market potential for value-added surplus products (VASP), with about half willing to buy vegetable powder and snack VASP and about 40% willing to buy a fermented VASP. Acceptance is driven by food-waste concern, status seeking, convenience orientation, and partially price consciousness, and two consumer segments emerge.

Key findings

  • Willingness to buy VASP was higher in Australia than the UK: for vegetable powder, snack, and fermented product, Australian respondents were 47%, 51%, and 44% willing versus UK respondents at 43%, 49%, and 39%; Australian mean willingness was 4.23 versus UK 3.96 (diff = .27, p < 0.01), so Hypothesis 5 was not supported.
  • Awareness of food waste consequences, status seeking, and convenience orientation had significant positive relationships with willingness to buy all three VASP types; price consciousness was significantly positive only for the vegetable snack, so Hypothesis 2 was partially supported.
  • Cluster analysis identified two segments: “status and convenience seekers” (Australia 76%, UK 59%) and “price and environmentally conscious” consumers (UK 41%, Australia 24%). In the UK, status and convenience seekers showed significantly higher acceptance for all three VASP types; in Australia the two clusters did not differ significantly.
  • In both countries, consumers ranked other-oriented benefits, such as helping farmers, as more important than self-oriented benefits, such as healthy food or good price.

Methods

  • Online panel survey of consumers in Australia and the UK; 689 were surveyed and 687 analyzed after removing missing data (329 Australian, 358 UK), using quota sampling by gender, age, and income.
  • Three hypothetical VASP product scenarios were used: a vegetable powder made from 100% whole carrot, a vegetable snack made from 20% broccoli, and a fermented vegetable product; willingness to buy was measured on a seven-point scale, and motivational scales were adapted from prior studies.
  • Analysis included factor analysis, OLS regression, T-tests, and cluster analysis using Ward’s method with the Calinski–Harabasz pseudo-F index in STATA 12.0.

Limitations

  • The paper states that respondents were not asked to compare VASP with conventional fresh produce; the study focuses on behavioral/attitudinal factors for a hypothetical vegetable-based novel food with a healthy image, and future work should test taste, eating habits, visual appearance, texture, brand name, labelling, and situational factors, as well as use qualitative, experimental, and tasting designs.
  • The paper states that findings are not directly generalizable to the developing world, although VASP may find acceptance in developing markets with price-conscious consumers.
  • Evident from the text: the sample came from an online panel, the Australian sample had more female (69%) than male participants while the UK sample had equal numbers, and the VASP products were hypothetical, so stated willingness may not equal actual purchase.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120435

Cites

89 of 89 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 33 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In both countries, consumers rank other-oriented factors as more important than self-oriented factors when asked why they would like to buy VASP.

    “Results in Table 8 show that in both countries, consumers rank other-oriented factors as more important than self-oriented factors when asked why they would like to buy VASP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Australian consumers are significantly more willing to buy VASP than UK consumers (AU: 4.23; UK: 3.96; diff = .27; p < 0.01).

    “A T-test comparing the acceptance level between Australia and the U.K. shows Australian consumers are significantly more willing to buy VASP (AU: 4.23; UK: 3.96; diff = .27; p < 0.01)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § 8. Conclusion

    Consumer acceptance of VASP is positively related to consumers' awareness of food waste consequences.

    “Consumer acceptance of VASP is positively related to consumers' price consciousness, convenience orientation, status seeking and awareness of food waste consequences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Australia the status and convenience seekers rank healthy food as more important than the price and environmentally conscious group.

    “When comparing the two clusters, in Australia the status and convenience seekers rank healthy food as more important than the price and environmentally conscious group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Gender is significant, with males being less likely to purchase VASP than females.

    “Gender is significant, with males being less likely to purchase VASP than females.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 25
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 20

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the UK sample, willingness to buy VASP is positively related to household size, but negatively related to age.

    “In the UK sample, willingness to buy VASP is positively related to household size, but negatively related to age.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There is a significant, positive relationship between awareness of food waste consequences, status seeking, convenience orientation, and willingness to buy three types of VASP.

    “There is a significant, positive relationship between awareness of food waste consequences, status seeking, convenience orientation, and willingness to buy three types of VASP, supporting Hypotheses 1, 3 and 4.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6. Discussion and Implications

    The status and convenience seekers segment is younger and holds a full-time or part-time job.

    “For the status and convenience seekers who are younger and holding a full-time or part-time job, messages could highlight the novelty and convenient attributes of the product, use status appeals and celebrity endorsement to create a positive social image.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In both Australia and the UK, most status and convenience seekers are young (below 40), have a full-time or part-time job, and more have a larger family size (more than 3 members).

    “Most of Cluster 1 (status and convenience seekers) are young (below 40 yr old), have a full-time or part-time job, and more of them have a larger family size (more than 3 family members)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the Australian sample, willingness to buy VASP is positively related to income (for the vegetable snack only), but negatively related to age (for all VASP product scenarios).

    “In the Australian sample, willingness to buy VASP is positively related to income (for the vegetable snack only), but negatively related to age (for all VASP product scenarios).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6. Discussion and Implications

    The price and environmentally conscious segment includes older consumers and many are not working.

    “The price and environmentally conscious segment includes older consumers and many are not working.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Abstract

    In Australia, status and convenience seekers comprise 76% and price and environmentally conscious comprise 24%.

    “the 'status and convenience seeker', which is a larger segment in Australia (76%) than in the UK (59%), and the 'price and environmentally conscious' consumer, which is larger in the UK (41%) than in Australia (24%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There are slightly more consumers with a degree and above among the price and environmentally conscious than among the status and convenience seekers in the two countries.

    “There are slightly more consumers with a degree and above among the price and environmentally conscious than among the status and convenience seekers in the two countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6. Discussion and Implications

    The cluster analysis reveals two segments which were similar in both countries, i.e. status and convenience seekers and price and environmentally conscious.

    “The cluster analysis reveals two segments which were similar in both countries, i.e. status and convenience seekers and price and environmentally conscious.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6. Discussion and Implications

    The two consumer segments identified in the study (status and convenience seekers; price and environmentally conscious consumers) have different motives and demographic profiles.

    “The two segments have different motives and demographic profiles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Abstract

    In the UK, status and convenience seekers comprise 59% and price and environmentally conscious comprise 41%.

    “the 'status and convenience seeker', which is a larger segment in Australia (76%) than in the UK (59%), and the 'price and environmentally conscious' consumer, which is larger in the UK (41%) than in Australia (24%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In both Australia and the UK, most price and environmentally conscious consumers are older (40 or above), do not have a job, and more have a smaller family size (1-3 members).

    “while Cluster 2 (price and environmentally conscious) are older (40 yr old or above), do not have a job, and more of them have a smaller family size (1-3 household members) in both Australia and the UK.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 3. Theory

    VASP are considered pro-environmental products because their main purpose is the reduction of food waste.

    “VASP are considered pro-environmental products because their main purpose is the reduction of food waste (Bhatt et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bhatt et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3. Theory

    Status seeking drives consumers to purchase conspicuous products to enhance their sense of self and social image, or own personal sense of taste.

    “According to signaling theory (Griskevicius et al., 2010), status seeking drives consumers to purchase conspicuous products to enhance their sense of self and social image, or own personal sense of taste (O'Cass and McEwen, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Griskevicius et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites O'Cass and McEwen, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 3. Theory

    Consumers who are price conscious will perceive VASP as a value-for-money choice and react positively.

    “It is argued that consumers who are price conscious will perceive VASP as a value-for-money choice and react positively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The promotion of VASP may help meet multiple policy goals of reducing food waste, improving public health and reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with food waste.

    “The promotion of VASP may help meet multiple policy goals of reducing food waste, improving public health and reducing greenhouse gas emissions associated with food waste (Miller and Welch, 2013), through waste valorization (Kourmentza et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Miller and Welch, 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kourmentza et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    More food is wasted in the pre-consumption and production phase than in any other phase of the food lifecycle, particularly for horticultural commodities in Europe and Australia.

    “More food is wasted in the pre-consumption and production phase than in any other phase of the food lifecycle (Bhatt et al., 2018) particularly for horticultural commodities in Europe (Beretta et al., 2013) and Australia (McKenzie et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bhatt et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Beretta et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites McKenzie et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 8. Conclusion

    Milligan and Cooper (1985) evaluate 30 stopping rules, singling out the Calinski-Harabasz index and the Duda-Hart index as two of the best rules.

    “Milligan and Cooper (1985) evaluate 30 stopping rules, singling out the Calinski–Harabasz index and the Duda–Hart index as two of the best rules.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Milligan and Cooper (1985)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The Australian sample has more female (69%) than male participants, while there are equal numbers of males and females in the UK sample.

    “The Australian sample, has more female (69%) than male participants, while there are equal numbers of males and females in the UK sample.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Internet access in both countries is very high, with a penetration rate of 87% for Australia and 95% for the United Kingdom in 2017, therefore the bias towards households with internet access is minimal.

    “Internet access in both countries is very high, with a penetration rate of 87% for Australia and 95% for the United Kingdom in 2017 (World Bank, 2017), therefore, the bias towards households with internet access is minimal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites World Bank, 2017

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Quota sampling was employed by taking into account gender, age and income to ensure a diverse and comparable sample across the two countries.

    “To ensure a diverse and comparable sample across the two countries, quota sampling was employed by taking into account gender, age and income.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Limitations and Future Research

    Developing countries also waste large quantities of food.

    “Developing countries also waste large quantities of food (FAO, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites FAO, 2019

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Health benefits were highlighted in all three product scenarios because labeling VASP foods to align with consumers' health consciousness is critical in increasing acceptance.

    “In all the three product scenarios, health benefits were highlighted since labeling VASP foods to align with consumers' health consciousness is critical in increasing acceptance (Bhatt et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bhatt et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 7. Limitations and Future Research

    The survey respondents were not asked to compare VASP with conventional, fresh produce.

    “The survey respondents were not asked to compare VASP with conventional, fresh produce.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The survey participants are diverse in terms of income, education, age and employment characteristics.

    “Overall, the survey participants are diverse in terms of income, education, age and employment characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation
    § 6. Discussion and Implications

    There are multiple types of sustainability-conscious consumers with different expectations, attitudes, and demographics.

    “Such results are in line with the general food marketing literature, which suggests that there are multiple types of sustainability-conscious consumers with different expectations, attitudes, and demographics, and companies should implement targeted strategies instead of a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Balderjahn et al., 2018 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 7. Limitations and Future Research

    The prevalence of obesity is growing fast in developing countries, with experts calling for an increase in vegetable intake and higher quality, nutritious foods.

    “Although these findings are not directly generalizable to the developing world, VASP may find acceptance in developing markets where large clusters of price-conscious consumers are likely to exist and the prevalence of obesity is growing fast, with experts calling for increase in vegetable intake and higher quality, nutritious foods (Popkin et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Popkin et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    After removing participants with missing data, a total of 329 Australian and 358 UK responses were analyzed.

    “After removing participants with missing data, a total of 329 Australian and 358 UK responses were analyzed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3. Theory

    The two markets Australia and the UK are culturally similar as they both belong to the Anglo countries group and their pro-environmental attitudes will be similar.

    “drawing from the Hofstede model of national cultures (Hofstede et al., 2010), the two markets are culturally similar as they both belong to the Anglo countries group (House et al., 2004) and their pro-environmental attitudes will be similar (Gifford and Nilsson, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hofstede et al., 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites House et al., 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Gifford and Nilsson, 2014

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Almost all AVE values are above the suggested threshold; values above 0.7 are considered good, while a value of 0.5 is acceptable.

    “Almost all AVE values are above the suggested threshold (Fornell and Larcker, 1981); values above 0.7 are considered good, while a value of 0.5 is acceptable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fornell and Larcker, 1981 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 8. Conclusion

    The data from consumers in Australia and the UK, which are culturally similar, shows the market feasibility of VASP, a novel product that may help reduce food waste.

    “The data from consumers in Australia and the UK, which are culturally similar, shows the market feasibility of VASP, a novel product that may help reduce food waste.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The factor analysis of the 19-item scales resulted in a 5-factor solution.

    “The factor analysis of the 19-item scales resulted in a 5-factor solution, the loading of which is shown in Table 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § 7. Limitations and Future Research

    VASP may find acceptance in developing markets where large clusters of price-conscious consumers are likely to exist.

    “Although these findings are not directly generalizable to the developing world, VASP may find acceptance in developing markets where large clusters of price-conscious consumers are likely to exist and the prevalence of obesity is growing fast, with experts calling for increase in vegetable intake and higher quality, nutritious foods (Popkin et al., 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Items with high internal reliability (Cronbach's alphas) were selected from previous studies.

    “To achieve the highest quality responses, items with high internal reliability (Cronbach's alphas) were selected from previous studies (see Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data
    § 6. Discussion and Implications

    Australian consumers are significantly more willing to buy VASP than UK consumers, which might be explained by their higher level of awareness of food waste consequences (5.15 vs. 5.00, p<0.05) and concern about price (5.23 vs. 4.93, p<0.001).

    “A comparison between Australia and UK shows that Australian consumers are significantly more willing to buy VASP than UK consumers, which might be explained by their higher level of awareness of food waste consequences (5.15 vs. 5.00, the difference is significant at p<0.05) and concern about price (5.23 vs. 4.93, the difference is significant at p<0.001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 3. Theory

    Novel VASP, if provided as a plant-based snack or cracker in or outside of the home, will enable the consumer to consume them easily and conveniently.

    “Novel VASP, if provided as a plant-based snack or cracker in or outside of the home (i.e. while exercising, at work or school), will enable the consumer to consume them easily and conveniently.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given
    § 8. Conclusion

    All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the authors' institution and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

    “All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the authors' institution and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
37 of 37

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Commercialization of VASP will not be possible without consumers' acceptance.

    “Given that the commercialization of VASP will not be possible without consumers' acceptance, this study aims to examine consumers' willingness to buy novel VASP by identifying promising consumer segments as well as shedding light on purchasing motivations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is little evidence that status seeking can successfully predict willingness to buy VASP.

    “There is little evidence that status seeking can successfully predict willingness to buy VASP.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Consumers' willingness to buy VASP, as measured by the survey, indicates actual market potential for VASP.

    “The results show a market potential for VASP.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Health-conscious individuals are likely to consume fresh or raw produce rather than processed products.

    “Health-conscious individuals are likely to consume fresh or raw produce rather than processed products.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Consumers who have a specific liking of broccoli will be more likely to buy VASP made from broccoli surplus, but not willing to buy VASP made from other ingredients.

    “For example, consumers who have specific liking of broccoli will be more likely to buy VASP made from broccoli surplus, but not willing to buy VASP made from other ingredients.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Consumers with a high level of education and a high income level are inclined to choose upcycled foods.

    “Consumers with a high level of education [61] and a high income level [65] are inclined to choose upcycled foods.”

    From Challenges for Upcycled Foods: Definition, Inclusion in the Food Waste Management Hierarchy and Public Acceptability (2021) · cites this paper as [65]

    The citation to this paper is attached to the high-income part of the sentence, not the education claim. The Results (§5.2; page unavailable) find that income is positively related to willingness to buy VASP only for the vegetable snack in the Australian sample. The claim omits those limits and generalizes the finding to upcycled foods and consumers overall. (LLM, conf=0.90)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Individuals who are concerned about the consequences of food waste and those who are aware of their own food waste generation are motivated to choose upcycled foods.

    “Additionally, individuals who are concerned about the consequences of food waste [65] and those who are aware of their own food waste generation [22] are also motivated to choose this type of food.”

    From Challenges for Upcycled Foods: Definition, Inclusion in the Food Waste Management Hierarchy and Public Acceptability (2021) · cites this paper as [65]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Convenience orientation is not significant for all three products

    Major

    The results describe a significant positive relationship with willingness to buy all three VASP types. In the pooled regressions, convenience orientation is marked significant at p<0.05 only for the vegetable snack; the powder and fermented-product coefficients have no significance marks.

  • UK clusters do not differ significantly in price consciousness

    Minor

    The paper characterizes the second cluster in both countries as having significantly higher price consciousness. In the UK, Table 5 gives nearly identical scores of 4.93 and 4.94 and marks their difference as nonsignificant.

  • Australian age effect is not significant for every product

    Minor

    Table 4 marks the Australian age coefficients significant for the vegetable snack and fermented product, but not for the vegetable powder. The statement that age is negatively related to willingness for all product scenarios overstates those results.

3 of 3

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Related

Authors
McCarthy, B., Kapetanaki, A. B., & Wang, P.
Affiliations
  • James Cook University (AU)
  • University of York (GB)
  • James Cook University Singapore (SG)
Corresponding author
McCarthy, Breda
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Cleaner Production
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2020-05
Volume
256
Pages
120435
ISSN
0959-6526 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120435
OpenAlex
W3004769327
Semantic Scholar
af6f017e72d13ba41383a8dda9cbfe31db1678ca
Cited by
91
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4
FWCI
7.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Cleaner Production (publishedVersion)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
  • ResearchOnline at James Cook University (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Organic Food and Agriculture
Keywords
food waste, consumer acceptance, customer segmentation, purchase intention, novel foods, food waste reduction, consumer purchasing behaviour, price sensitivity, status seeking, environmental concern, market potential, product positioning

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

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