Major Global Coronary Artery Calcium Guidelines

2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure

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2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

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2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice

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2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk

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2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk

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2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol

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2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary

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2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease

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Coronary Calcium Score and Cardiovascular Risk

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2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidemia for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults

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Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017

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Predictive Value for the Chinese Population of the Framingham CHD Risk Assessment Tool Compared With the Chinese Multi-provincial Cohort Study

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10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk Prediction Using Coronary Artery Calcium and Traditional Risk Factors

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Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

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Joint British Societies' consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3)

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2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults.

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Estimating Deaths From Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Global Methodologies of Mortality Measurement

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Clinical indications for coronary artery calcium scoring in asymptomatic patients: Expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography

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[2016 Chinese guideline for the management of dyslipidemia in adults].

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Coronary Artery Calcium Scores and Risk for Cardiovascular Events in Women Classified as “Low Risk” Based on Framingham Risk Score

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Framingham risk equation underestimates subclinical atherosclerosis risk in asymptomatic women

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Development and validation of a prediction rule for recurrent vascular events based on a cohort study of patients with arterial disease: the SMART risk score

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Use of Coronary Artery Calcium Testing to Guide Aspirin Utilization for Primary Prevention: Estimates From the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

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Sex differences in calcified plaque and long-term cardiovascular mortality: observations from the CAC Consortium

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The National Lipid Association scientific statement on coronary artery calcium scoring to guide preventive strategies for ASCVD risk reduction

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Risk Assessment Chart for Death From Cardiovascular Disease Based on a 19-Year Follow-up Study of a Japanese Representative Population: NIPPON DATA80

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Risk Assessment for Cardiovascular Disease With Nontraditional Risk Factors

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Coronary Artery Calcium for Personalized Allocation of Aspirin in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in 2019: The MESA Study (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Cainzos-Achirica, M., Miedema, M. D., McEvoy, J. W., Al Rifai, M., Greenland, P., Dardari, Z., Budoff, M., Blumenthal, R. S., Yeboah, J., Duprez, D. A., et al. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.119.045010 · Cited by 201 · see citing works

Coronary artery calcium for the prediction of mortality in young adults <45 years old and elderly adults >75 years old

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Distribution of 10-Year and Lifetime Predicted Risks for Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults

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Contemporary model for cardiovascular risk prediction in people with type 2 diabetes

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Lipid Management in Patients with Endocrine Disorders: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline

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Clinician-Patient Risk Discussion for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

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Prediction of individualized lifetime benefit from cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering, antithrombotic therapy, and smoking cessation in apparently healthy people

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Coronary Artery Calcium to Guide a Personalized Risk-Based Approach to Initiation and Intensification of Antihypertensive Therapy

McEvoy, J. W., Martin, S. S., Dardari, Z., Miedema, M. D., Sandfort, V., Yeboah, J., Budoff, M. J., Goff, D. C., Psaty, B. M., Post, W. S., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.025471 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Scanning in Association With the Net Benefit of Aspirin in Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

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Chinese Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

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Comparison of Prognostic Usefulness of Coronary Artery Calcium in Men Versus Women (Results from a Meta- and Pooled Analysis Estimating All-Cause Mortality and Coronary Heart Disease Death or Myocardial Infarction)

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Comparing Risk Scores in the Prediction of Coronary and Cardiovascular Deaths

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The Danish Cardiovascular Screening Trial (DANCAVAS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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Coronary calcium progression rates with a zero initial score by electron beam tomography

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Yield of Screening for Coronary Artery Calcium in Early Middle-Age Adults Based on the 10-Year Framingham Risk Score

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Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Position Statement: Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring

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Coronary artery calcification in chronic kidney disease: An update

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Use of the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Discussion of Initiation of Statin Therapy in Primary Prevention

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Coronary artery calcium scoring for individualized cardiovascular risk estimation in important patient subpopulations after the 2019 AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines

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Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement executive summary: coronary artery calcium scoring

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Coronary artery calcium in primary prevention

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Worldwide Dyslipidemia Guidelines

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Comparison of Transatlantic Approaches to Lipid Management: The AHA/ACC/Multisociety Guidelines vs the ESC/EAS Guidelines

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Clinical Implications of the Coronary Artery Calcium Score in Japanese Patients

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Coronary Artery Calcium as a Synergistic Tool for the Age‐ and Sex‐Specific Risk of Cardiovascular and Cancer Mortality: The Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium

Dzaye, O. D. A., Rifai, M. A., Dardari, Z., Shaw, L. J., Al-Mallah, M. H., Marshall, C. H., Rozanski, A., Mortensen, M. B., Duebgen, M., Matsushita, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015306 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Coronary Artery Calcium Score for Personalization of Antihypertensive Therapy

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Utilizing coronary artery calcium to guide statin use

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National Heart Foundation of Australia: position statement on coronary artery calcium scoring for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in Australia

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Calibration between the Estimated Probability of the Risk Assessment Chart of Japan Atherosclerosis Society and Actual Mortality Using External Population: Evidence for Cardiovascular Prevention from Observational Cohorts in Japan (EPOCH-JAPAN)

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2019 Chinese expert consensus statement on aspirin application in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

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What the Guidelines Do Not Say: Statin Non-benefit Groups

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Coronary artery anomalies in patients with zero calcium score: A new evidence supports the 2016-NICE guidance

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EFFECT ON PATIENT ADHERENCE TO PRIMARY PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STATIN THERAPY BASED ON THE NATIONAL GUIDELINES-SUPPORTED POOLED COHORT RISK EQUATION OR A CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM THE VANGUARD STUDY FOR THE CORCAL RANDOMIZED CLINICAL OUTCOMES TRIAL

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Using coronary artery calcium to guide cardiovascular risk reduction: insights from the CAUGHT-CAD trial

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2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

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2026 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

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When Does a Calcium Score Equate to Secondary Prevention?

Budoff, M. J., Kinninger, A., Gransar, H., Achenbach, S. S., Al-Mallah, M. H., Bax, J. J., Berman, D. S., Cademartiri, F., Callister, T. Q., Chang, H., et al. (2023) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.03.008 · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Effects of Combining Coronary Calcium Score With Treatment on Plaque Progression in Familial Coronary Artery Disease

Nerlekar, N., Vasanthakumar, S. A., Whitmore, K., Soh, C. H., Chan, J., Goel, V., Ryan, J. D. M., Jones, C., Stanton, T., Mitchell, G. K., et al. (2025) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2025.0584 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Assessment of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic People In Vivo: Measurements Suitable for Biomarker and Mendelian Randomization Studies

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Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome: A New Paradigm in Clinical Medicine or Going Back to Basics?

Mutruc, V., Bologa, C., Șorodoc, V., Ceasovschih, A., Morărașu, B. C., Șorodoc, L., Catar, O., & Lionte, C. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14082833 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Novel Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis

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A framework of biomarkers for vascular aging: a consensus statement by the Aging Biomarker Consortium

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Clinical Updates in Coronary Artery Disease: A Comprehensive Review

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Opportunistic Detection of Coronary Artery Calcium on Noncardiac Chest Computed Tomography: An Emerging Tool for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

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Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring on Dedicated Cardiac CT and Noncardiac CT Scans

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SEA 2024 Standards for Global Control of Vascular Risk

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Serum Lipoproteins Are Associated With Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic U.S. Adults Without Traditional Risk Factors

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Cardiovascular disease risk estimates using the new PREVENT Equation: The good, bad, and the ugly

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AI-Facilitated Assessment of Built Environment Using Neighborhood Satellite Imagery and Cardiovascular Risk

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Carotid Plaques and Hypertension as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in Middle-Aged Adults

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Epidemiology and Prognostic Implications of Coronary Artery Calcium in Asymptomatic Individuals With Prediabetes: A Multicohort Study

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Management of the liver transplant candidate with high cardiac risk: Multidisciplinary best practices and recommendations

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Repeatability of AI-based, automatic measurement of vertebral and cardiovascular imaging biomarkers in low-dose chest CT: the ImaLife cohort

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Aortic and Cardiac Structure From Routine CT Predict Cardiovascular Risk Beyond PREVENT and Coronary Calcium

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The Paradox of Physical Activity and Coronary Artery Calcification: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk

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Opportunistic Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Using Routine Head CT in the Emergency Department

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No evidence of a causal relationship between ankylosing spondylitis and cardiovascular disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

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The association of cardiovascular disease risk with coronary artery calcification and thoracic aortic dilation: a study in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and systemic lupus erythematosus

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Is the Concept of Primary and Secondary Prevention Outdated?

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Wearable-Derived Training Load and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Middle-Aged and Older Athletes and Physically Active Controls: A New Perspective From the Master@Heart Study

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The History of Coronary Artery Disease

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Inadequacy of coronary calcium scoring in evaluating coronary artery disease: A call to shifting to high-resolution CT coronary imaging

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Predictive Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Score From Nongated Chest CT Scans Compared With Gated Scans and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events

Verghese, D., Trujillo, R., Abraham, D., McClelland, R. L., Kinninger, A., Manubolu, V. S., Aldana-Bitar, J., Cubeddu, R. J., Drachman, D. E., Inglessis‐Azuaje, I., et al. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.125.078431 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Prediction of high coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores from aortic arch calcification: An efficient tool for selection of non-optimal candidates for coronary CTA?

Lacaita, P. G., Barbieri, F., Plank, F., Beyer, C., Friedrich, G. J., Widmann, G., & Feuchtner, G. M. (2023) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2023.111216 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Beyond symptoms: Unlocking the potential of coronary calcium scoring in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease

Abdul‐Rahman, T., Bliss, Z. S. B., Lizano-Jubert, I., Muñoz, M. J. S., Garg, N., Pachchipulusu, V. K., Ashinze, P. T., Miteu, G. D., Baig, R., Omar, D. A., et al. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102378 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Re-Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Primary Prevention Treatments with Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring in Primary Prevention Patients

Arslan, A., Aytemiz, F., Işıklar, I., & Özkaya, Ö. G. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13144125 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Coronary Artery Calcification on Chest Computed Tomography as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Adverse Events in Patients With COVID-19 ― A Multicenter Retrospective Study in Japan ―

Watase, M., Shiraishi, Y., Chubachi, S., Tanabe, N., Maetani, T., Asakura, T., Namkoong, H., Tanaka, H., Shimada, T., Azekawa, S., et al. (2025) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-24-0661 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Interplay Between Social Vulnerability Index and Coronary Artery Calcium Scores With Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events

Albar, Z., Salerno, P. R. V. D. O., Tashtish, N., Sirasapalli, S. K., Li, S., Nasir, K., Deo, S. V., Rajagopalan, S., & Al-Kindi, S. G. (2025) · Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1161/circimaging.124.016658 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Geographical distribution and accessibility to cardiac CT readers in the United States: A snapshot from the 2022 medicare analysis

Yaman, A. E., Ghazawi, A. E., Sayed, A., Alwan, M., Shaikh, A., Rifai, M. A., Shaw, L. J., Ferencik, M., & Al-Mallah, M. H. (2025) · Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography · doi:10.1016/j.jcct.2025.06.011 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Social disadvantage, coronary artery calcium, and their interplay in the prediction of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events

Acquah, I., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., Taha, M. B., Lahan, S., Blaha, M. J., Al-Kindi, S. G., Khan, S. U., Sharma, G. V., Budoff, M. J., & Nasir, K. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117355 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Insights from autopsy-initiated pathological studies of the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease: Part II. Ischemic heart disease

Buja, L. M., McDonald, M. M., Zhao, B., Narula, N., Narula, J., & Barth, R. F. (2025) · Cardiovascular Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.carpath.2025.107727 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Pathophysiology and clinical implications of coronary artery calcifications

Saba, L., Costa, F., & Cau, R. (2024) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000001180 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Evidence-Based Investigation of Coronary Calcium Score in Cardiac Computed Tomography

Shim, J., Kim, K., & Lee, Y. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14198906 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Omics research in atherosclerosis

Tian, K.-J., Yu, Y., Chen, G., Deng, N.-H., Tian, Z., Bai, R., Zhang, F., & Jiang, Z.-S. (2024) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-024-05139-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Quantitative correlation between carotid or lower limb atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease: a retrospective observational study

Jiang, Z., Ruan, S., Zhao, K., Pan, S., & Zhang, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1570942 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Disparities in statin use following identification of coronary artery calcium

Ellberg, C. C., Bal, K., Duran, E. K., Criqui, M. H., Shapiro, M. D., & Bhatia, H. S. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.100990 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Assessments of Atherosclerosis and Treatment Strategies for Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Tada, H., & Harada‐Shiba, M. (2025) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.rv22041 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Evaluating the Implications of a Coronary Artery Calcium Score of Zero (CAC = 0) in Modern Risk Prediction: Is Zero Truly Zero?

Pereira, S. B., Venugopal, A., Manoukian, G., Ilahi, H. B., Masood, M., Shembesh, M. S. A., Anan, A., Sufwan, N., Jain, A. S., Dsouza, D. L., et al. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.88513 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Coronary CT Angiographic Guidance of Medical Management

Leipsic, J. A., & Chandrashekhar, Y. (2025) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2025.09.003 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The role of lipoprotein(a) in predicting coronary artery disease among ageing endurance athletes and healthy controls

Pauwels, R., Bosscher, R. D., Paepe, J. D., Dausin, C., Bekhuis, Y., Delpire, B., Sinnaeve, P., Dymarkowski, S., Ghekiere, O., Verwerft, J., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf680 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Artificial intelligence-based bi-ventricular systolic and diastolic volume, ejection fraction using non-contrast ECG-gated cardiac computed tomography

Chao, M., Jacob, A. J., Sinha, A., Hallam, K. A., Kragholm, K. H., Sharma, P., Rapaka, S., Giraldo, J. C. R., & Chang, S.-M. (2025) · European Heart Journal - Imaging Methods and Practice · doi:10.1093/ehjimp/qyaf121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Coronary Artery Calcium in ACC/AHA Prevention Guidelines

Irannejad, K., Mora, R., Krishnan, S., Lakshmanan, S., Roy, S., & Budoff, M. J. (2026) · JACC. Cardiovascular imaging · doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2026.07.014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Comparative systematic review of coronary artery calcium scoring guidelines: CSANZ versus ACC/AHA and ESC recommendations

Sharma, A., Joshi, S., Sethwala, A., Venkataraman, P., Grbac, A. J., Wilson, W., Nerlekar, N., & Koshy, A. N. (2026) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.70367

Coronary Artery Calcium: Recommendations for Risk Assessment in Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines

Rifai, M. A., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., Kianoush, S., Mirbolouk, M., Peng, A. W., Colet, J. C., & Blaha, M. J. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-018-0685-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Coronary Artery Calcium

Taha, M. B., Ahuja, D., Patel, K. V., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., & Nasir, K. (2022) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98824-1_22

Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring in Current Clinical Practice: How to Define Its Value?

Kianoush, S., Mirbolouk, M., Makam, R. C. P., Nasir, K., & Blaha, M. J. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-017-0582-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works