Cited by 776Developmental and Educational NeuropsychologyCognitive Abilities and TestingChild and Animal Learning Development

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The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds.

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Wiebe, Sandra A., Sheffield, Tiffany, Nelson, Jennifer Mize, Clark, Caron A.C., Chevalier, Nicolas, Espy, Kimberly Andrews·2011·Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.008PMC PMC3033982

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Abstract

Although the structure of executive function (EF) during adulthood is characterized by both unity and diversity, recent evidence suggests that preschool EF may be best described by a single factor. The latent structure of EF was examined in 228 3-year-olds using confirmatory factor analysis. Children completed a battery of executive tasks that differed in format and response requirements and in putative working memory and inhibitory control demands. Tasks appeared to be age appropriate, with adequate sensitivity across the range of performance and without floor or ceiling effects. Tests of the relative fit of several alternative models supported a single latent EF construct. Measurement invariance testing revealed less proficient EF in children at higher sociodemographic risk relative to those at lower risk and no differences between boys and girls. At 3years of age, when EF skills are emerging, EF appears to be a unitary, more domain-general process.

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Authors: Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Corresponding author: Wiebe, Sandra A.
ORCID: Wiebe, Sandra A.
Nelson, Jennifer Mize
Clark, Caron A.C.
Chevalier, Nicolas
Espy, Kimberly Andrews
Venue: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-03
Volume: 108
Issue: 3
Pages: 436-452
ISSN: 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.008
PMC: PMC3033982
OpenAlex: W2079516150
Cited by: 776
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 31.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH065668, R01MH065668)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA014661, R21DA024769, R01DA023653, DA023653, DA024769, R01DA014661)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: executive function, preschool children, three-year-old children, latent structure, one-factor model, domain generality, working memory, inhibitory control, measurement invariance, sociodemographic risk factors, sex differences
MeSH terms: Child, Preschool, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Internal-External Control, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function

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The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds.

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