Cited by 776Developmental and Educational NeuropsychologyCognitive Abilities and TestingChild and Animal Learning Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds.

Open access

Wiebe, Sandra A., Sheffield, Tiffany, Nelson, Jennifer Mize, Clark, Caron A.C., Chevalier, Nicolas, Espy, Kimberly Andrews·2011·Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

DOI 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.008PMC PMC3033982

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Although the structure of executive function (EF) during adulthood is characterized by both unity and diversity, recent evidence suggests that preschool EF may be best described by a single factor. The latent structure of EF was examined in 228 3-year-olds using confirmatory factor analysis. Children completed a battery of executive tasks that differed in format and response requirements and in putative working memory and inhibitory control demands. Tasks appeared to be age appropriate, with adequate sensitivity across the range of performance and without floor or ceiling effects. Tests of the relative fit of several alternative models supported a single latent EF construct. Measurement invariance testing revealed less proficient EF in children at higher sociodemographic risk relative to those at lower risk and no differences between boys and girls. At 3years of age, when EF skills are emerging, EF appears to be a unitary, more domain-general process.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.008

Cites

88 of 88 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
Structural Equations with Latent Variables.
Clogg, C. C., & Bollen, K. A. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072165 · Cited by 17,475
The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research
Brown, T. A. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2769 · Cited by 15,621
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Mueller, C. W., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074955 · Cited by 14,211
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Clogg, C. C., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580595 · Cited by 8,246
A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling: Fourth Edition
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2015) · doi:10.4324/9781315749105 · Cited by 6,604
A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling
Finkelstein, D. (2005) · Technometrics · doi:10.1198/tech.2005.s328 · Cited by 6,087
Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance
Meredith, W. (1993) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294825 · Cited by 4,536

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 88 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 775

Executive Control and Adolescent Health: Toward A Conceptual Framework
Nelson, T. D., Nelson, J. M., Mason, W. A., Tomaso, C. C., Kozikowski, C. B., & Espy, K. A. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-018-0094-3 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
From Early Relationships to Preacademic Knowledge: A Sociocognitive Developmental Cascade to School Readiness
Bernier, A., Beauchamp, M. H., & Cimon‐Paquet, C. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13160 · Cited by 61
Self-regulation in Preschool Children: Factor Structure of Different Measures of Effortful Control and Executive Functions
Kälin, S., & Roebers, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2020.1862120 · Cited by 53
Association between motor competence and executive functions in children
Albuquerque, M. R., Rennó, G. V. C., Bruzi, A. T., Fortes, L. D. S., & Malloy‐Diniz, L. F. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2021.1897814 · Cited by 43
Does social–behavioral adjustment mediate the relation between executive function and academic readiness?
Baptista, J., Osório, A., Martins, E. C., Veríssimo, M., & Martins, C. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.05.004 · Cited by 50
Internalising and externalising in early adolescence predict later executive function, not the other way around: a cross-lagged panel analysis
Donati, G., Meaburn, E. L., & Dumontheil, I. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1918644 · Cited by 50
Numeracy skills mediate the relation between executive function and mathematics achievement in early childhood
Chan, J. Y., & Scalise, N. R. (2022) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101154 · Cited by 41
Getting ready to use control: Advances in the measurement of young children’s use of proactive control
Doebel, S., Barker, J. E., Chevalier, N., Michaelson, L. E., Fisher, A. V., & Munakata, Y. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175072 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Structure, measurement, and development of preschool executive function
Nelson, J. M., James, T. D., Chevalier, N., Clark, C. A. C., & Espy, K. A. (2016) · Executive function in preschool-age children: Integrating measurement, neurodevelopment, and translational research. · doi:10.1037/14797-004 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Executive function and psychosocial adjustment in healthy children and adolescents: A latent variable modelling investigation
Cassidy, A. R. (2016) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.994484 · Cited by 37
Teachers' Theory‐of‐mind Coaching and Children's Executive Function Predict the Training Effect of Sociodramatic Play on Children's Theory of Mind
Qu, L., Shen, P., Chee, Y. Y., & Chen, L. (2015) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12116 · Cited by 44
Hot and Cool Self-Regulation, Academic Competence, and Maladjustment: Mediating and Differential Relations
Backer‐Grøndahl, A., Nærde, A., & Idsøe, T. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13104 · Cited by 41
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the BRIEF-2 Parent and Teacher Form: Relationship to Performance-Based Measures of Executive Functions and Academic Achievement
Muñoz, M. P., & Filippetti, V. A. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2019.1660984 · Cited by 47
Direct and indirect effects of executive functions, reading engagement, and higher order strategic processes in the reading comprehension of Dual Language Learners and English Monolinguals
Barber, A. T., Cartwright, K. B., Stapleton, L. M., Klauda, S. L., Archer, C. J., & Smith, P. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101848 · Cited by 41
National institutes of health toolbox cognition battery (NIH toolbox CB) : validation for children between 3 and 15 years
Zelazo, P. D., & Patricia, J. (2013) · Cited by 37
Concordance of teacher-rated and performance-based measures of executive functioning in preschoolers
Tamm, L., & Peugh, J. (2019) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1484085 · Cited by 35
Stability in Maternal Autonomy Support and Child Executive Functioning
Matte‐Gagné, C., Bernier, A., & Lalonde, G. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0063-9 · Cited by 37
Prefrontal mechanisms of comorbidity from a transdiagnostic and ontogenic perspective
MacDonald, A. N., Goines, K., Novacek, D. M., & Walker, E. F. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000742 · Cited by 40
Mapping of Executive Functions / Cartografía de las Funciones Ejecutivas
Santa-Cruz, C., & Rosas, R. (2017) · Studies in Psychology Estudios de Psicología · doi:10.1080/02109395.2017.1311459 · Cited by 47
Self-Regulation, Engagement, and Developmental Functioning in Preschool-Aged Children
Coelho, V., Cadima, J., Pinto, A. I., & Guimarães, C. (2018) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/1053815118810238 · Cited by 36
The social foundation of executive function
Marciszko, C., Forssman, L., Kenward, B., Lindskog, M., Fransson, M., & Gredebäck, G. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12924 · Cited by 35
The Differentiation of Executive Functioning Across Development: Insights from Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Bardikoff, N., & Sabbagh, M. A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316282755.005 · Cited by 38
Inhibitory Control of Spanish-Speaking Language-Minority Preschool Children: Measurement and Association With Language, Literacy, and Math Skills
Lonigan, C. J., Allan, D. M., Goodrich, J. M., Farrington, A. L., & Phillips, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219415618498 · Cited by 37
Roles of executive functioning and language in developing low-income preschoolers’ behavior and emotion regulation
Reilly, S., & Downer, J. T. (2019) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2019.07.006 · Cited by 43
Let Me Choose: The Role of Choice in the Development of Executive Function Skills
Carlson, S. M. (2023) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214231159052 · Cited by 44
The contribution of executive functions to naming digits, objects, and words
Altani, A., Protopapas, A., & Georgiou, G. K. (2016) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-016-9666-4 · Cited by 33
Hot and Cool Executive Function: Foundations for Learning and Healthy Development.
Meuwissen, A. S., & Zelazo, P. D. (2014) · Zero to three · Cited by 33
Vocabulary and Executive Functioning: A Scoping Review of the Unidirectional and Bidirectional Associations across Early Childhood
Bruce, M. D., & Bell, M. A. (2022) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000524964 · Cited by 32
Executive Functions and Language Skills in Preschool Children: The Unique Contribution of Verbal Working Memory and Cognitive Flexibility
Filipe, M. G., Veloso, A. S., & Frota, S. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030470 · Cited by 47
Cognitive Aspects of Pragmatic Disorders
Cummings, L. (2017) · Perspectives in pragmatics, psychology & philosophy · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47489-2_22 · Cited by 36
Verbal and nonverbal predictors of executive function in early childhood
Stephens, R. L., Langworthy, B., Short, S. J., Goldman, B. D., Girault, J. B., Fine, J. P., Reznick, J. S., & Gilmore, J. H. (2018) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2018.1439493 · Cited by 32
Self-regulation and co-regulation in early childhood – development, assessment and supporting factors
Erdmann, K. A., & Hertel, S. (2019) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-019-09211-w · Cited by 41
From scribbling to drawing: the role of working memory
Morra, S., & Panesi, S. (2017) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.03.001 · Cited by 32
Parents' Views on Play and the Goal of Early Childhood Education in Relation to Children's Home Activity and Executive Functions: A Cross-Cultural Investigation
Metaferia, B. K., Futó, J., & Takács, Z. K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.646074 · Cited by 43
Assessment of preschool‐age executive functions: A systematic review
Silva, C., Sousa‐Gomes, V., Fávero, M., Oliveira, S., Merendeiro, C. S., Oliveira, J., & Moreira, D. S. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2718 · Cited by 43
The role of executive function in shaping the longitudinal stability of math achievement during early elementary grades
Ribner, A., Ahmed, S. F., Miller‐Cotto, D., & Ellis, A. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.02.004 · Cited by 43
IDE (rs6583817) polymorphism and pulse pressure are independently and interactively associated with level and change in executive function in older adults.
McFall, G. P., Wiebe, S. A., Vergote, D., Jhamandas, J. H., Westaway, D. A., & Dixon, R. A. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0034656 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
Self-Regulation Across Different Contexts: Findings in Young Albanian Children
von Suchodoletz, A., Uka, F., & Larsen, R. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.1012189 · Cited by 36
Contributions of nonlinguistic task-shifting to language control in bilingual children
Gross, M. C., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2016) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728916001097 · Cited by 31
Switch detection in preschoolers’ cognitive flexibility
Chevalier, N., Wiebe, S. A., Huber, K. L., & Espy, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.01.006 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Identifying unique components of preschool children's self-regulatory skills using executive function tasks and continuous performance tests
Allan, D. M., Allan, N. P., Lerner, M. D., Farrington, A. L., & Lonigan, C. J. (2015) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.02.001 · Cited by 35
Gender differences in inhibitory control as assessed on simple delay tasks in early childhood: A meta-analysis
SILVERMAN, I. W. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254211020385 · Cited by 36
How do socioeconomic attainment gaps in early mathematical ability arise?
James‐Brabham, E., Loveridge, T., Sella, F., Wakeling, P., Carroll, D. J., & Blakey, E. (2023) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13947 · Cited by 39
Making the Executive ‘Function’ for the Foundations of Mathematics: the Need for Explicit Theories of Change for Early Interventions
Scerif, G., Blakey, E., Gattas, S., Hawes, Z. C. K., Howard, S. J., Merkley, R., O'Connor, R., & Simms, V. (2023) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-023-09824-3 · Cited by 37
Examining the relationship between performance-based and questionnaire assessments of executive function in young preterm children: Implications for clinical practice
O’Meagher, S., Norris, K., Kemp, N., & Anderson, P. J. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1531981 · Cited by 32
Incorporating early development into the measurement of executive function: The need for a continuum of measures across development.
Carlson, S. M., Faja, S., & Beck, D. M. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14797-003 · Cited by 39
Human and mouse model cognitive phenotypes in Down syndrome
Edgin, J. O., Mason, G. M., Spanò, G., Fernández, A., & Nadel, L. (2012) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-54299-1.00007-8 · Cited by 36
In search of better practice in executive functions assessment: Methodological issues and potential solutions.
Yangüez, M., Bediou, B., Chanal, J. P., & Bavelier, D. (2023) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000434 · Cited by 31
Executive Functions and Mental Attentional Capacity in Preschoolers
Panesi, S., & Morra, S. (2019) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2019.1685525 · Cited by 31
The role of midfrontal theta oscillations across the development of cognitive control in preschoolers and school‐age children
Adam, N., Blaye, A., Gulbinaite, R., Arnaud Delorme, A., & Farrer, C. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12936 · Cited by 29
Pretend play as a protective factor for developing executive functions among children living in poverty
Thibodeau‐Nielsen, R. B., Gilpin, A. T., Palermo, F., Nancarrow, A. F., Farrell, C. B., Turley, D., DeCaro, J. A., Lochman, J. E., & Boxmeyer, C. L. (2020) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100964 · Cited by 37
Association between executive functions and gross motor skills in overweight/obese and eutrophic preschoolers: cross-sectional study
Fernandes, A. C., Viegas, Â. A., Lacerda, A. C. R., Nobre, J. N. P., Morais, R. L. D. S., Figueiredo, P. H. S., Costa, H. S., Camargos, A. C. R., Ferreira, F. D. O., de Freitas, P. M., et al. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03553-2 · Cited by 36
The structure of executive functions in preschoolers: An investigation using the NEPSY battery
Visu‐Petra, L., Cheie, L., Bengà, O., & Miclea, M. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.197 · Cited by 31
To Stroop or not to Stroop: Sex‐related differences in brain‐behavior associations during early childhood
Cuevas, K., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12464 · Cited by 34
The benefits of adding a brief measure of simple reaction time to the assessment of executive function skills in early childhood
Willoughby, M. T., Blair, C., Kuhn, L., & Magnus, B. E. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.01.003 · Cited by 32
Executive Functions and Response to Intervention: Identification of Students Struggling With Reading Comprehension
Miciak, J., Cirino, P. T., Ahmed, Y., Reid, E. K., & Vaughn, S. R. (2018) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0731948717749935 · Cited by 31
Visual working memory in early development: a developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective.
Buss, A., Ross-Sheehy, S., & Reynolds, G. D. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00087.2018 · Cited by 25
Patterns of preschool children’s screen time, parent–child interactions, and cognitive development in early childhood: a pilot study
Rai, J., Predy, M., Wiebe, S. A., Rinaldi, C. M., Zheng, Y., & Carson, V. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01266-6 · Cited by 73
Self-citation
An observational approach for exploring variability in young children's regulation‐related skills within classroom contexts
McCoy, D. C., Koepp, A. E., Jones, S. M., Bodrova, E., Leong, D. J., & Deaver, A. H. (2022) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13250 · Cited by 33
Longitudinal and concurrent links between memory span, anxiety symptoms, and subsequent executive functioning in young children
Visu‐Petra, L., Stanciu, O. M., Bengà, O., Miclea, M., & Cheie, L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00443 · Cited by 32
Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Invariance of Executive Function Tasks in Young Children With and Without ADHD
Karalunas, S. L., Bierman, K. L., & Huang‐Pollock, C. L. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715627488 · Cited by 28
The Implications of Motor and Cognitive Inhibition for Hot and Cool Executive Functions: The Case of Quadrato Motor Training
Leshem, R., Fano, A. D., & Ben‐Soussan, T. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00940 · Cited by 33
How attention factors into executive function in preschool children
Deodhar, A., & Bertenthal, B. I. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146101 · Cited by 39
Differential Effects of Stress Exposures, Caregiving Quality, and Temperament in Early Life on Working Memory versus Inhibitory Control in Preschool-Aged Children
Enlow, M. B., Petty, C. R., Svelnys, C., Gusman, M. S., Garcia, M. H., Malin, A. J., & Wright, R. J. (2019) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2019.1611833 · Cited by 26
Chronic Absenteeism and Preschool Children's Executive Functioning Skills Development
Fuhs, M. W., Nesbitt, K. T., & Jackson, H. (2018) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2018.1438201 · Cited by 29
Longitudinal development of executive function from infancy to late childhood
Broomell, A. P. R., & Bell, M. A. (2022) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101229 · Cited by 30
IDE (rs6583817) polymorphism and type 2 diabetes differentially modify executive function in older adults
McFall, G. P., Wiebe, S. A., Vergote, D., Westaway, D. A., Jhamandas, J. H., & Dixon, R. A. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.010 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
When a spoon is not a spoon: Examining the role of executive function in young children's divergent thinking
Vaisarova, J., & Carlson, S. M. (2021) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2021.100161 · Cited by 25
The roles of different executive functioning skills in young children’s mental computation and applied mathematical problem‐solving
Cheung, S. K., & Chan, W. W. L. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12396 · Cited by 26
Indirect and Direct Relationships Between Self-Regulation and Academic Achievement During the Nursery/Elementary School Transition of French Students
Hubert, B., Guimard, P., Florin, A., & Tracy, A. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2015.1037624 · Cited by 33
Explaining Variability: Numerical Representations in 4- to 8-Year-Old Children
den Bos, I. F., Kolkman, M. E., Kroesbergen, E. H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2014) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2012.742900 · Cited by 23
Differentiation in prefrontal cortex recruitment during childhood: Evidence from cognitive control demands and social contexts
Chevalier, N., Jackson, J., Roux, A. R., Moriguchi, Y., & Bonnie Auyeung, B. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100629 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Context of maternal intrusiveness during infancy and associations with preschool executive function
Broomell, A. P. R., Smith, C. L., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2019) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2162 · Cited by 26
A true reflection of executive functioning or a representation of task-specific variance? Re-evaluating the unity/diversity framework
Sambol, S., Suleyman, E., Scarfo, J., & Ball, M. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103934 · Cited by 33
Fifty years of executive control research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:What we have learned and still need to know
Schachar, R. J. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105461 · Cited by 28
The Multidimensional Card Selection Task: A new way to measure concurrent cognitive flexibility in preschoolers
Podjarny, G., Kamawar, D., & Andrews, K. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.02.006 · Cited by 24
Caregiver ratings and performance-based indices of executive function among preschoolers with and without maltreatment experience
Fay‐Stammbach, T., & Hawes, D. J. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1530344 · Cited by 30
Dimensional attention as a mechanism of executive function: Integrating flexibility, selectivity, and stability
Buss, A. T., & Kerr-German, A. N. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.06.015 · Cited by 24
The effects of dual language exposure on executive function in Spanish–English bilingual children with different language abilities
Crespo, K., Gross, M. C., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104663 · Cited by 29
The dimensionality of early executive functions in young preschoolers: Comparing unidimensional versus bidimensional models and their ecological validity
Scionti, N., & Marzocchi, G. M. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2020.1868419 · Cited by 26
Cognitive Development and Culture
Gauvain, M., & Perez, S. M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy220 · Cited by 23
Longitudinal associations between inhibitory control and externalizing and internalizing symptoms in school-aged children
Maasalo, K., Lindblom, J., Kiviruusu, O. H., Santalahti, P., & Aronen, E. T. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420000176 · Cited by 29
Executive function following pediatric stroke. A systematic review
Rivella, C., & Viterbori, P. (2020) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2020.1820472 · Cited by 23
The role of negative emotionality in the development of child executive function and language abilities from toddlerhood to first grade: An adoption study.
Cioffi, C. C., Griffin, A. M., Natsuaki, M. N., Shaw, D. S., Reiss, D., Ganiban, J. M., Neiderhiser, J. M., & Leve, L. D. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000972 · Cited by 30
Assessing Executive Functions in Preschoolers Using Shape School Task
Nieto, M., Ros, L., Medina, G., Ricarte, J. J., & Latorre, J. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01489 · Cited by 23
Approche développementale des fonctions exécutives : du bébé à l’adolescence
Fourneret, P., & Portes, V. D. (2016) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2016.10.003 · Cited by 23
Neural measures of anticipatory bodily attention in children: Relations with executive function
Weiss, S. M., Meltzoff, A. N., & Marshall, P. J. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.08.002 · Cited by 38
Altered association between executive functions and reading and math fluency tasks in children with reading difficulties compared with typical readers
Meiri, R., Levinson, O., & Horowitz‐Kraus, T. (2019) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1624 · Cited by 23
Longitudinal associations between self-regulation and the academic and behavioral adjustment of young children born preterm
Dilworth-Bart, J. E., Poehlmann-Tynan, J. A., Taub, A., Liesen, C. A., & Bolt, D. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.09.007 · Cited by 23
Cognitive, Intervention, and Neuroimaging Perspectives on Executive Function in Children With Reading Disabilities
Church, J. A., Cirino, P. T., Miciak, J., Juranek, J. J., Vaughn, S. R., & Fletcher, J. M. (2019) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20292 · Cited by 24
Empirical support for a dual process model of the p-factor: Interaction effects between preschool executive control and preschool negative emotionality on general psychopathology.
Phillips, E. M., Brock, R. L., James, T. D., Nelson, J. M., Espy, K. A., & Nelson, T. D. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000777 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
How Theory of Mind and Executive Function Co-develop
Miller, S. E., & Marcovitch, S. (2012) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-012-0117-0 · Cited by 28
Intergenerational associations in executive function between mothers and children in the context of risk
Kim, M. H., Shimomaeda, L., Giuliano, R. J., & Skowron, E. A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.07.002 · Cited by 22
Cognitive Control at Age 3: Evaluating Executive Functions in an Equitable Montessori Preschool
Phillips-Silver, J., & Daza, M. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2018.00106 · Cited by 33
Attention, inhibitory control and early mathematical skills in preschool students
Cueli, M., Areces, D., García, T., Alves, R. A., & Castro, P. G. (2020) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2019.225 · Cited by 33
Toddlers on touchscreens: immediate effects of gaming and physical activity on cognitive flexibility of 2.5-year-olds in the US
Antrilli, N. K., & Wang, S. (2018) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2018.1486332 · Cited by 31
The role of executive function in reading comprehension among beginning readers
Hung, C. O. (2020) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12382 · Cited by 29
Individual differences in executive function and learning: The role of knowledge type and conflict with prior knowledge
Grenell, A., & Carlson, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2020.105079 · Cited by 29
The longitudinal relationship between early inhibitory control skills and emergent literacy in preschool children
Gandolfi, E., Traverso, L., Zanobini, M., Usai, M. C., & Viterbori, P. (2021) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-021-10131-y · Cited by 29
Executive control throughout elementary school: Factor structure and associations with early childhood executive control.
Nelson, T. D., James, T. D., Nelson, J. M., Tomaso, C. C., & Espy, K. A. (2022) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001314 · Cited by 21
Self-citation

Authors: Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
Corresponding author: Wiebe, Sandra A.
ORCID: Wiebe, Sandra A.
Nelson, Jennifer Mize
Clark, Caron A.C.
Chevalier, Nicolas
Espy, Kimberly Andrews
Venue: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-03
Volume: 108
Issue: 3
Pages: 436-452
ISSN: 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.008
PMC: PMC3033982
OpenAlex: W2079516150
Cited by: 776
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 31.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH065668, R01MH065668)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA014661, R21DA024769, R01DA023653, DA023653, DA024769, R01DA014661)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: executive function, preschool children, three-year-old children, latent structure, one-factor model, domain generality, working memory, inhibitory control, measurement invariance, sociodemographic risk factors, sex differences
MeSH terms: Child, Preschool, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Internal-External Control, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks