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The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds.
Open accessAbstract
Although the structure of executive function (EF) during adulthood is characterized by both unity and diversity, recent evidence suggests that preschool EF may be best described by a single factor. The latent structure of EF was examined in 228 3-year-olds using confirmatory factor analysis. Children completed a battery of executive tasks that differed in format and response requirements and in putative working memory and inhibitory control demands. Tasks appeared to be age appropriate, with adequate sensitivity across the range of performance and without floor or ceiling effects. Tests of the relative fit of several alternative models supported a single latent EF construct. Measurement invariance testing revealed less proficient EF in children at higher sociodemographic risk relative to those at lower risk and no differences between boys and girls. At 3years of age, when EF skills are emerging, EF appears to be a unitary, more domain-general process.
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“assessment of executive function plays a significant role in clinical practice, including early detection and intervention planning.40”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
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“Although the unitary or common process approach of EF as a model for young children has a lot of support (Garon et al., 2008; Wiebe et al., 2011; Brydges et al., 2012), there is evidence that some components are dissociable.”
From Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiebe et al., 2011
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“Researchers have also found several developmental differences in EF (e.g., Wiebe et al., 2011; Brydges et al., 2012) suggesting EF are more unidimensional in early development but becomes a multifactorial construct in adolescence and adulthood and asserting that a single factor model of EF is not universally appropriate across development.”
From Assessment of executive functions in school-aged children: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as Wiebe et al., 2011
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Chami, S., Charalambous, C., Knijnik, S. R., & Docking, K. M. (2021) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1080/17549507.2021.2008005 · Cited by 13
Hendry, A. J., & Scerif, G. (2023) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2448 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- Wiebe, S. A., Sheffield, T., Nelson, J. M., Clark, C. A. C., Chevalier, N., & Espy, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wiebe, Sandra A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 436-452
- ISSN
- 0022-0965 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3033982
- OpenAlex
- W2079516150
- Cited by
- 776
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 82 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 31.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH065668, R01MH065668)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA014661, R21DA024769, R01DA023653, DA023653, DA024769, R01DA014661)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- executive function, preschool children, three-year-old children, latent structure, one-factor model, domain generality, working memory, inhibitory control, measurement invariance, sociodemographic risk factors, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Child, Preschool, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Internal-External Control, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Task Performance and Analysis, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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