Trait Mindfulness Is Associated With Lower Pain Reactivity and Connectivity of the Default Mode Network
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness-based training reduces pain in clinical and experimental settings. Evidence suggests that these beneficial effects are facilitated via an increased focus on the present moment and a reduced emotional enhancement of pain. Most of the existing literature has focused on mindfulness as a learned skill and on the neural mechanisms that underlie the acquisition of this skill. It is unknown whether similar mechanisms are associated with trait mindfulness in the absence of training and whether these mechanisms confer the ability to cope with pain. To determine this, we measured trait mindfulness and pain responsivity in 40 healthy volunteers naive to mindfulness meditation. As a feature of interest, we targeted the default mode network (DMN), a network of interacting brain regions associated with processes such as introspective thought, mind wandering, and rumination. As extant studies have implicated the DMN in the beneficial effects of mindfulness, we examined resting-state connectivity of the precuneus, a core DMN node. Higher trait mindfulness was associated with higher pain thresholds (r = .43, P < .01) and lower pain catastrophizing (r = -.51, P < .01). Consistent with the neural mechanisms of trained mindfulness, higher trait mindfulness was associated with lower connectivity between the nodes of the DMN. It was also associated with higher connectivity between the DMN and somatosensory cortices. These findings are consistent with the processes taught in formal meditation training, namely increased focus on sensory experience and a decrease in emotional appraisal processes, indicating that behavioral and neurological mechanisms described in the interventional mindfulness literature also underlie trait mindfulness prior to any formal training. PERSPECTIVE: Mindfulness research mostly focuses on mindfulness as a trained skill rather than a trait. Consistent with trained-mindfulness studies, we demonstrate that mindfulness is associated with variations in neural connectivity linked to sensory and evaluative processes. These findings indicate that trait mindfulness serves as a marker for individual differences in pain coping.
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Higher trait mindfulness is associated with weaker connectivity between the central nodes of the default mode network and stronger connectivity between the precuneus and somatosensory cortices.
“Higher trait mindfulness was associated with weaker connectivity between the central nodes of the default mode network (ie, medial prefrontal cortex, PCC/precuneus) and stronger connectivity between the precuneus and somatosensory cortices.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
Greater trait mindfulness, measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, is associated with higher pain threshold values.
“In a similar study employing functional connectivity analyses with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signaling fMRI, Harrison et al.52 found that greater trait mindfulness (measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire) was associated with higher pain threshold values.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
The cultivation of mindfulness does not exclusively require training in mindfulness meditation; some individuals are more mindful than others without formal training.
“However, the cultivation of mindfulness does not exclusively require training in mindfulness meditation. Some individuals are simply more “mindful” than others, as evinced by higher scores on standardized measures of dispositional/trait mindfulness without any formal training in meditation.24,52,128,142”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
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- Authors
- Harrison, R., Zeidan, F., Kitsaras, G., Ozcelik, D., & Salomons, T. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- Queen's University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Salomons, Tim V.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-06
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 645-654
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2902669309
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Reading
- British Academy
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
- Mind and Life Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, pain reactivity, default mode network, resting-state functional connectivity, precuneus, pain catastrophizing, pain threshold, somatosensory cortex, pain coping, individual differences, mindfulness meditation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Parietal Lobe, Somatosensory Cortex, Pain Threshold, Catastrophization, Mindfulness
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