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Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain
Open accessAbstract
Interindividual differences in pain sensitivity vary as a function of interactions between sensory, cognitive–affective, and dispositional factors. Trait mindfulness, characterized as the innate capacity to nonreactively sustain attention to the present moment, is a psychological construct that is associated with lower clinical pain outcomes. Yet, the neural mechanisms supporting dispositional mindfulness are unknown. In an exploratory data analysis obtained during a study comparing mindfulness to placebo analgesia, we sought to determine whether dispositional mindfulness is associated with lower pain sensitivity. We also aimed to identify the brain mechanisms supporting the postulated inverse relationship between trait mindfulness and pain in response to noxious stimulation. We hypothesized that trait mindfulness would be associated with lower pain and greater deactivation of the default mode network. Seventy-six meditation-naive and healthy volunteers completed the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory and were administered innocuous (35°C) and noxious stimulation (49°C) during perfusion-based functional magnetic resonance imaging. Higher Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory ratings were associated with lower pain intensity (P = 0.005) and pain unpleasantness ratings (P = 0.005). Whole brain analyses revealed that higher dispositional mindfulness was associated with greater deactivation of a brain region extending from the precuneus to posterior cingulate cortex during noxious heat. These novel findings demonstrate that mindful individuals feel less pain and evoke greater deactivation of brain regions supporting the engagement sensory, cognitive, and affective appraisals. We propose that mindfulness and the posterior cingulate cortex should be considered as important mechanistic targets for pain therapies.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a secondary analysis of pre-intervention data from a mindfulness-versus-placebo analgesia study, higher dispositional mindfulness among meditation-naïve healthy volunteers was linked to lower reported pain intensity and unpleasantness. The same trait was tied to stronger deactivation of the precuneus/dorsal posterior cingulate cortex during noxious heat.
Key findings
- Higher Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory scores predicted lower pain intensity (semipartial coefficient = −.32, p = .005) and lower pain unpleasantness (sr = −.32, p = .005) after controlling for age and sex; mean FMI was 40.37 (SEM = .79).
- Noxious 49°C heat versus 35°C produced activation in SI, PAG, bilateral thalamus, SII, parietal operculum, insula, mid-cingulate, dACC, cerebellum and SMA, plus deactivation of PCC/precuneus, bilateral dlPFC and mPFC.
- Greater trait mindfulness was associated with more deactivation of a region spanning precuneus to dorsal PCC and ipsilateral SI during noxious heat; higher dorsal PCC blood flow correlated with greater pain unpleasantness (r = .23, p = .04) and lower FMI (r = −.23, p = .04), with a trend for pain intensity (r = .20, p = .08).
- Conjunction analysis showed significant overlap (p = .001) between pain-related and FMI-related deactivation in precuneus/PCC; global CBF fell during noxious heat relative to neutral (p < .001).
Methods
- Cross-sectional analysis of the pre-intervention session of a previously published neuroimaging experiment; 85 healthy, pain-free, right-handed, meditation-naïve volunteers completed the session, and 76 (mean age 27 ± 5, range 22–52, 40 females) were analyzed after 9 exclusions for MRI artifacts or anomalous CBF.
- Participants completed the 14-item Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory and received alternating innocuous 35°C and noxious 49°C thermal stimulation to the calf during pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling perfusion fMRI; pain intensity and unpleasantness were rated on a 15 cm visual analog scale.
- Behavioral data analyzed with regression controlling for age and sex; imaging used FSL with fixed- and random-effects general linear models, cluster threshold z > 2.3 and corrected p < 0.05, plus ROI extraction from PCC masks and bivariate correlations and conjunction analyses.
Limitations
- The paper notes that a stricter multiple-comparison threshold could reduce family-wise error rates, but argues perfusion fMRI, FSL's FLAME Bayesian estimation and larger voxel sizes make inflated FWE less likely (stated).
- The authors describe the work as an exploratory data analysis derived from a study designed for a different question, so it was not powered or designed a priori to test trait mindfulness (evident from the text).
- The design is correlational and cross-sectional, so no causal direction between dispositional mindfulness, PCC activity and pain sensitivity can be established (evident from the text).
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 49°C heat series, greater CBF in the dPCC was significantly associated with higher pain unpleasantness (r = .23, p = .04; Figure 4)”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or pain intensity ratings (r = .19, p = .10).”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not with FMI (r = −.17, p = .15)”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher FMI ratings were associated with greater deactivation of a brain region extending from the precuneus to the dorsal PCC (dPCC) and the ipsilateral SI during noxious heat”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conjunction analyses revealed significant (p = .001) overlap between deactivation corresponding to the main effect of pain and higher FMI rating–related deactivation in the precuneus/PCC”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 49°C heat series, greater CBF in the dPCC was significantly associated with higher pain unpleasantness (r = .23, p = .04; Figure 4) and lower FMI ratings (r = −.23, p = .04; Figure 4).”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When controlling for age and sex, higher dispositional mindfulness ratings (M = 40.37, SEM = .79) were significantly associated [semipartial coefficient (sr) = −.32, p = .005] with lower pain intensity ratings”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Behavioral Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and deactivation of the PCC/precuneus, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and mPFC”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, the dPCC, not the vPCC, was inversely associated with trait mindfulness.”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher dispositional mindfulness scores were significantly associated (sr = −.32, p = .005) with lower pain unpleasantness ratings (Figure 1b) when controlling for age and sex”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Behavioral Findings
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
- It may state two separate claims as one. 15
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a trend towards significance in the relationship between dPCC activation and pain intensity ratings (r = .20, p = .08) during heat series.”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > RESULTS > Neuroimaging Findings
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher trait mindfulness ratings were significantly associated with lower pain sensitivity and greater deactivation of the posterior, midline nodes of the default mode network.”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These novel findings demonstrate that meditation naïve individuals exhibiting higher levels of trait mindfulness feel less pain in response to frankly noxious stimulation and evoke greater deactivation of brain regions supporting internal and external engagement of attention and corresponding affective appraisals to arising sensory events”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The dPCC has a high metabolic rate [61], exhibits high CBF values relative to all other brain regions [52]”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001; 98(2): 676– 682. 11209064 PMC14647 source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Pfefferbaum A, Chanraud S, Pitel AL, Muller–Oehring E, Shankaranarayanan A, Alsop DC, Rohlfing T, Sullivan EV. Cerebral blood flow in posterior cortical nodes of the default mode network decreases with task engagement but remains higher than in most brain regions. Cerebral cortex 2011; 21(1): 233– 244. 20484322 PMC3000573 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The mindfulness inventory (FMI) used in this study was designed to measure trait mindfulness, as characterized by the day to day ability to experience sensations and emotions without reaction [75].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Walach H, Buchheld N, Buttenmuller V, Kleinknecht N, Schmidt S. Measuring mindfulness—the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and individual differences 2006; 40: 1543– 1555. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The present evidence suggest that highly mindful individuals may be more resilient to pain–related ruminations [43; 44; 60; 81] and potentially less likely to magnify evaluations that normally impart significance to salient sensory events”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Mrazek MD, Franklin MS, Phillips DT, Baird B, Schooler JW. Mindfulness training improves working memory capacity and GRE performance while reducing mind wandering. Psychological science 2013; 24(5): 776– 781. 23538911 source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Mrazek MD, Smallwood J, Schooler JW. Mindfulness and mind–wandering: finding convergence through opposing constructs. Emotion 2012; 12(3): 442– 448. 22309719 source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Rahl HA, Lindsay EK, Pacilio LE, Brown KW, Creswell JD. Brief mindfulness meditation training reduces mind wandering: The critical role of acceptance. Emotion 2017; 17(2): 224– 230. 27819445 PMC5329004 source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Xu M, Purdon C, Seli P, Smilek D. Mindfulness and mind wandering: The protective effects of brief meditation in anxious individuals. Consciousness and cognition 2017; 51: 157– 165. 28376373 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The FMI is a psychometrically valid instrument that exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.86) in this study and previous work [75].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > METHODS > Dispositional Mindfulness Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Walach H, Buchheld N, Buttenmuller V, Kleinknecht N, Schmidt S. Measuring mindfulness—the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and individual differences 2006; 40: 1543– 1555. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In fact, mindful individuals exhibit an increased tendency to experience pleasure [72], reduced pain catastrophizing [13; 51; 63], and recover from stress more effectively than non mindful individuals [11].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Thomas EA, Garland EL. Mindfulness is Associated With Increased Hedonic Capacity Among Chronic Pain Patients Receiving Extended Opioid Pharmacotherapy. The Clinical journal of pain 2017; 33(2): 166– 173. 28060783 PMC5235319 source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Day MA, Smitherman A, Ward LC, Thorn BE. An investigation of the associations between measures of mindfulness and pain catastrophizing. The Clinical journal of pain 2015; 31(3): 222– 228. 24699159 source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Petter M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, Dick BD. The role of trait mindfulness in the pain experience of adolescents. The journal of pain: official journal of the American Pain Society 2013; 14(12): 1709– 1718. 24290451 source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Schutze R, Rees C, Preece M, Schutze M. Low mindfulness predicts pain catastrophizing in a fear–avoidance model of chronic pain. Pain 2010; 148(1): 120– 127. 19944534 source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Daubenmier J, Hayden D, Chang V, Epel E. It’s not what you think, it’s how you relate to it: dispositional mindfulness moderates the relationship between psychological distress and the cortisol awakening response. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 48: 11– 18. 24971591 PMC4503930 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“and is anatomically and functionally hetereogeous [37; 74].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Leech R, Kamourieh S, Beckmann CF, Sharp DJ. Fractionating the default mode network: distinct contributions of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex to cognitive control. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2011; 31(9): 3217– 3224. 21368033 PMC6623935 source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Vogt BA, Vogt L, Laureys S. Cytology and functionally correlated circuits of human posterior cingulate areas. NeuroImage 2006; 29(2): 452– 466. 16140550 PMC2649771 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“It is also associated with monitoring and signaling affective changes in the sensory environment and allocating attentional resources to address said environmental alterations [29; 36; 37].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Heilbronner SR, Platt ML. Causal evidence of performance monitoring by neurons in posterior cingulate cortex during learning. Neuron 2013; 80(6): 1384– 1391. 24360542 PMC3892695 source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Leech R, Braga R, Sharp DJ. Echoes of the brain within the posterior cingulate cortex. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2012; 32(1): 215– 222. 22219283 PMC6621313 source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Leech R, Kamourieh S, Beckmann CF, Sharp DJ. Fractionating the default mode network: distinct contributions of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex to cognitive control. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2011; 31(9): 3217– 3224. 21368033 PMC6623935 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory short form (FMI) is a 14–item assessment designed to assess dispositional mindfulness because it’s validity is not predicated upon prior meditative experience, does not require experience with Buddhism or meditation, and has been utilized as a validated measure of trait mindfulness [48; 75; 91].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > METHODS > Dispositional Mindfulness Assessment
What the sources say
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- Not checked yetcites [75] Walach H, Buchheld N, Buttenmuller V, Kleinknecht N, Schmidt S. Measuring mindfulness—the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and individual differences 2006; 40: 1543– 1555. source
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Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In two separate regression analyses, pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings were entered as the dependent variable, respectively while controlling for age and sex.”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > METHODS > Analysis of Behavioral Data
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Individuals with low dispositional mindfulness exhibited higher pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings, suggesting that they have heightened attentional sensitivity and affective engagement to noxious stimuli [36].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Leech R, Braga R, Sharp DJ. Echoes of the brain within the posterior cingulate cortex. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2012; 32(1): 215– 222. 22219283 PMC6621313 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While non–mindful individuals may be more likely to “get caught up” [5] in pain, individuals higher in trait mindfulness may have a greater ability to decouple noxious sensory discriminations from affective appraisals [90].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Brewer JA, Garrison KA. The posterior cingulate cortex as a plausible mechanistic target of meditation: findings from neuroimaging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2013. 24033438 source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Zeidan F, Vago DR. Mindfulness meditation–based pain relief: a mechanistic account. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2016; 1373(1): 114– 127. 27398643 PMC4941786
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The dPCC has also been repeatedly implicated in processing the sense of self [26; 76] because it is anatomically organized and connected to five functional subsystems including attentional, motor, sensory, salience, and DMN [27; 36; 38] and facilitates broad attentional monitoring and affective reactions to initiate behavior change [37; 52].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Guterstam A, Bjornsdotter M, Gentile G, Ehrsson HH. Posterior cingulate cortex integrates the senses of self–location and body ownership. Current biology: CB 2015; 25(11): 1416– 1425. 25936550 source
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- Not checked yetcites [36] Leech R, Braga R, Sharp DJ. Echoes of the brain within the posterior cingulate cortex. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2012; 32(1): 215– 222. 22219283 PMC6621313 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Leech R, Sharp DJ. The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease. Brain: a journal of neurology 2014; 137(Pt 1): 12– 32. 23869106 PMC3891440 source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Leech R, Kamourieh S, Beckmann CF, Sharp DJ. Fractionating the default mode network: distinct contributions of the ventral and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex to cognitive control. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2011; 31(9): 3217– 3224. 21368033 PMC6623935 source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Pfefferbaum A, Chanraud S, Pitel AL, Muller–Oehring E, Shankaranarayanan A, Alsop DC, Rohlfing T, Sullivan EV. Cerebral blood flow in posterior cortical nodes of the default mode network decreases with task engagement but remains higher than in most brain regions. Cerebral cortex 2011; 21(1): 233– 244. 20484322 PMC3000573 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is possible that a more conservative multiple comparison threshold would lower family wise error rates (FWE) [16].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Eklund A, Nichols TE, Knutsson H. Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false–positive rates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2016; 113(28): 7900– 7905. 27357684 PMC4948312 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent work has shown that chronic pain and alcohol dependent patients exhibiting low levels of trait mindfulness have a greater proclivity to misuse opioids and alcohol during treatment and crave alcohol/opioids during recovery, respectively [20–22].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Garland EL. Trait Mindfulness Predicts Attentional and Autonomic Regulation of Alcohol Cue–Reactivity. Journal of psychophysiology 2011; 25(4): 180– 189. 23976814 PMC3748643 source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Garland EL, Hanley AW, Thomas EA, Knoll P, Ferraro J. Low dispositional mindfulness predicts self–medication of negative emotion with prescription opioids. Journal of addiction medicine 2015; 9(1): 61– 67. 25469652 PMC4310788 source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Garland EL, Roberts–Lewis A, Kelley K, Tronnier C, Hanley A. Cognitive and affective mechanisms linking trait mindfulness to craving among individuals in addiction recovery. Substance use & misuse 2014; 49(5): 525– 535. 24611848 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“T/F statistic images were Gaussianized and thresholded using clusters determined by a z > 2.3. Corrected cluster significance threshold was set at p < 0.05 [80]. This procedure ensures that the probability of false positive findings is corrected for multiple comparisons across all brain voxels [79].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > METHODS > Analysis of Neuroimaging Data
What the sources say
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Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“CBF images exhibiting low (≤ 20ml/100g tissue/min) global/regional CBF values were subsequently characterized as anomalous [83]. In sum, nine subjects exhibited artifacts and/or anomalous CBF and their data were subsequently removed”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > METHODS > Analysis of Neuroimaging Data
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Zeidan F, Emerson NM, Farris SR, Ray JN, Jung Y, McHaffie JG, Coghill RC. Mindfulness Meditation–Based Pain Relief Employs Different Neural Mechanisms Than Placebo and Sham Mindfulness Meditation–Induced Analgesia. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2015; 35(46): 15307– 15325. 26586819 PMC4649004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 9Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The dPCC is significantly integrated with other neural networks and has multiple, significant roles in facilitating internally directed attention and sensory awareness [28; 38].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Hampson M, Driesen NR, Skudlarski P, Gore JC, Constable RT. Brain connectivity related to working memory performance. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 2006; 26(51): 13338– 13343. 17182784 PMC2677699 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Leech R, Sharp DJ. The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease. Brain: a journal of neurology 2014; 137(Pt 1): 12– 32. 23869106 PMC3891440 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine subjects were excluded from the final analysis due to MRI–related artifacts (defined below in the CBF Artifact Detection Procedures section). Thus, a total of 76 participants (mean age = 27 ± 5; age range 22–52 years; 40 females) are included in this study.”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > METHODS > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 9Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Together, these approaches are associated with significantly lower FWE rates [15; 18; 45].”
§ Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain > DISCUSSION > Greater dPCC activity is associated with lower trait mindfulness and higher pain unpleasantness ratings
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Detre JA, Wang J. Technical aspects and utility of fMRI using BOLD and ASL. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 2002; 113(5): 621– 634. 11976042 source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Flandin G, Friston KJ. Analysis of family–wise error rates in statistical parametric mapping using random field theory. Human brain mapping 2017. PMC6585687 29091338
- Not checked yetcites [45] Mueller K, Lepsien J, Moller HE, Lohmann G. Commentary: Cluster failure: Why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false–positive rates. Frontiers in human neuroscience 2017; 11: 345. 28701944 PMC5487467 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The neural mechanisms that support the link between dispositional mindfulness and pain are not known.
“However, the neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain are unknown.”
“Yet, the neural mechanisms supporting dispositional mindfulness are unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It is not established whether individual differences in trait mindfulness covary with pain sensitivity in meditation-naïve people.
“Yet, we have not identified if inter–individual differences in trait mindfulness co–vary with pain sensitivity in meditation naïve individuals and the brain mechanisms supporting the hypothesized relationship between trait mindfulness and pain.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Zeidan et al.142 used perfusion-based arterial spin labeling (ASL) fMRI to determine the significant relationship between higher dispositional mindfulness (as measured by the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory) and lower pain ratings in response to noxious heat (49°C).142”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“Specifically, greater deactivation of the dorsal PCC and precuneus was associated with higher trait mindfulness, and greater activation of the dorsal PCC during noxious heat was associated with higher pain reports during noxious heat (Fig. 1).142”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, these 2 studies provide unique mechanistic insight that trait mindfulness is associated with lower pain and lower PCC/precuneus processing, suggesting that trait mindfulness is associated with a lower propensity to ruminate on65 and personalize4 the appraisal of arising noxious sensory events.142”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“As hypothesized, higher trait mindfulness was associated with greater deactivation of the posterior, midline nodes of the so-called default mode network.”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, these 2 studies provide unique mechanistic insight that trait mindfulness is associated with lower pain and lower PCC/precuneus processing, suggesting that trait mindfulness is associated with a lower propensity to ruminate on65 and personalize4 the appraisal of arising noxious sensory events.142”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, individuals who exhibit higher trait mindfulness may have a greater ability to decouple noxious sensory discriminations from affective appraisals.142”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“Specifically, greater deactivation of the dorsal PCC and precuneus was associated with higher trait mindfulness, and greater activation of the dorsal PCC during noxious heat was associated with higher pain reports during noxious heat (Fig. 1).142”
From The neural mechanisms of mindfulness-based pain relief: a functional magnetic resonance imaging-based review and primer (2019) · cites this paper as [142]
In the citing paper
“Recent theoretical developments and empirical research suggest that more mindful people may feel less pain [59]”
From Mindfulness and physical disease: a concise review (2019) · cites this paper as [59]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Neutral-stimulation duration differs between supposedly identical heat paradigms
MinorThe training heat series is described as identical to the MRI heat paradigm, but its 35°C plateaus last 12 seconds rather than the 8 seconds specified for the MRI series.
“a 4min and 24s series of alternating 49°C (12s plateau) and 35°C (12s plateau) stimulation to the back of the left calf, identical to the “heat” paradigm used in subsequent MRI experimental sessions.”
“The heat series included ten, 12 second plateaus of 49°C interleaved between eleven, 8 second periods of 35°C stimulation [83].”
Citations
Cites
Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D., Buckner, R. L., Dale, A. M., Maguire, R. P., Hyman, B. T., et al. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021 · Cited by 13,324 · cited 1×
“Region of interest–based binary masks were generated around the significant thresholded clusters corresponding to our specific hypotheses using the Harvard–Oxford Probabilistic Atlas (defined as contiguous voxels with$50% probability of being labeled as the PCC).(14,55) We then calculated (FSL’s fslstats command) each…”
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P., Brady, M., & Smith, S. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1132 · Cited by 11,888 · cited 2×
“First, wholebrain and ROI binary masks were created and registered to each individual’s anatomical space.(25,30,31) Region of interest–based binary masks were generated around the significant thresholded clusters corresponding to our specific hypotheses using the Harvard–Oxford Probabilistic Atlas (defined as contiguo…”
Fast robust automated brain extraction
Smith, S. M. (2002) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.10062 · Cited by 10,496
A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images
Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/s1361-8415(01)00036-6 · Cited by 7,018 · cited 1×
“First, wholebrain and ROI binary masks were created and registered to each individual’s anatomical space.(25,30,31) Region of interest–based binary masks were generated around the significant thresholded clusters corresponding to our specific hypotheses using the Harvard–Oxford Probabilistic Atlas (defined as contiguo…”
Mapping the structural core of human cerebral cortex
Hagmann, P., Cammoun, L., Gigandet, X., Meuli, R., Honey, C. J., Wedeen, V. J., & Sporns, O. (2008) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159 · Cited by 4,173
Accurate and robust brain image alignment using boundary-based registration
Greve, D. N., & Fischl, B. R. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.060 · Cited by 3,553 · cited 1×
“First, wholebrain and ROI binary masks were created and registered to each individual’s anatomical space.(25,30,31) Region of interest–based binary masks were generated around the significant thresholded clusters corresponding to our specific hypotheses using the Harvard–Oxford Probabilistic Atlas (defined as contiguo…”
Cluster failure: why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates
Eklund, A., Nichols, T. E., & Knutsson, H. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1602413113 · Cited by 3,487 · cited 1×
“It is possible that a more conservative multiple comparison threshold would lower family-wise error (FWE) rates.(16) However, the results from this study may be less susceptible to inflated FWE rates because we used perfusionbased fMRI, FSL’s conservative FMRIB’s Local Analysis of Mixed Effects (FLAME 1 1 2) Bayesian…”
Temporal Autocorrelation in Univariate Linear Modeling of FMRI Data
Woolrich, M. W., Ripley, B. D., Brady, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0931 · Cited by 2,859 · cited 1×
“Statistical analysis of regional signal changes was performed on 4D concatenated CBF data (first-level analyses) using a fixedeffects general linear modeling approach.(78) Random-effects analyses were used to assess activation across individuals.”
Wandering minds: the default network and stimulus-independent thought
Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T., & Macrae, C. N. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1131295 · Cited by 2,792 · cited 2×
“Furthermore, mindfulness-induced PCC alterations are associatedwith lower anxiety(89) and inflammatory IL6 circulation(10) corresponding to a decrease in self-referential cognitive distortions.(41) Yet, we have not identified whether interindividual differences in trait mindfulness covary with pain sensitivity in medi…”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Andersson, 2007, Non-linear optimisation, FMRIB TR07JA2, Tech Rep
- Andersson, 2007, Non-linear registration, aka spatial normalisation. Technical Report TR07JA2
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neuraxial Cytokines in Pain States
dos Santos, G. G., Delay, L., Yaksh, T. L., & Corr, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.03061 · Cited by 171
Zeidan, F., Baumgartner, J. N., & Coghill, R. C. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000759 · Cited by 115
Self-citationMindfulness and physical disease: a concise review
Greeson, J. M., & Chin, G. R. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.014 · Cited by 85
Aytur, S. A., Ray, K. L., Meier, S. K., Campbell, J., Gendron, B., Waller, N., & Robin, D. A. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.10.20144063 · Cited by 49
Riegner, G., Posey, G., Oliva, V. N. L. D. S., Jung, Y., Mobley, W. C., & Zeidan, F. Z. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002731 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Zeidan, F., Salomons, T., Farris, S. R., Emerson, N. M., Adler-Neal, A., Jung, Y., & Coghill, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- University of Reading (GB)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zeidan, Fadel
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 2018-07-12
- Volume
- 159
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2477-2485
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- 1872-6623
- PMC
- PMC6237620
- OpenAlex
- W2884372852
- Semantic Scholar
- 43bda9d5be188b0e5602bc9e06fa02007ca49894
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (L30 AT006838, F30AT009165, F32AT006949, R00AT008238, K99AT008238, R21AT007247, R01AT009693)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, pain sensitivity, pain unpleasantness, pain intensity, default mode network, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, noxious heat, placebo analgesia, individual differences, neural mechanisms of pain
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen, Pain, Psychophysics, Neural Networks, Computer, Pain Threshold, Young Adult, Pain Management, Visual Analog Scale, Mindfulness
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