Adverse childhood experiences in mothers with chronic pain and intergenerational impact on children
Open accessAbstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs; eg, parental divorce, physical or sexual abuse) are more prevalent in individuals with chronic pain compared with the general population. Both increased maternal ACEs and chronic pain have been associated with poor physical and emotional functioning in offspring. However, the mechanisms driving these associations are poorly understood. Thus, this cross-sectional study evaluated the relation between maternal ACEs, mothers' current functioning, and children's physical and emotional functioning in a sample of mothers with chronic pain and their 8- to 12-year-old children. Results indicated a higher prevalence of ≥1 ACE in this sample of mothers with chronic pain (84%) compared with normative data from a community sample of women. Higher maternal ACE scores corresponded with lower physical and social functioning, greater anxiety and depressive symptoms, greater fatigue and sleep disturbances, and greater pain intensity and pain interference in mothers. Higher maternal ACE scores significantly correlated with higher child self-reported depressive symptoms, but not somatic symptoms or functional impairment. A path model indicated that maternal depressive symptoms accounted for the relation between higher maternal ACE scores and children's depressive symptoms. Intervening on maternal depression among mothers with chronic pain may reduce the impact of intergenerational ACE transmission. Perspective: This article presents evidence regarding the intergenerational impact of ACEs in a large sample of mothers with chronic pain and their school-aged children. Maternal depressive symptoms accounted for the relation between maternal ACEs and children's depressive symptoms providing evidence regarding targets for preventive interventions.
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Parents' past trauma as well as their own physical and emotional health struggles can impact their children's pain and functioning.
“Additionally, parents' past trauma as well as their own physical and emotional health struggles can impact their children's pain and functioning (Dennis et al., 2019).”
From Psychosocial Functioning of Parents of Youth Receiving Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Treatment (2024) · cites this paper as Dennis et al., 2019
The Discussion reports an association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and children’s depressive symptoms, and discusses possible intergenerational effects of maternal chronic pain. But it found no significant association between maternal adverse childhood experiences and children’s pain frequency or functional impairment; the study examined mothers, not parents generally. The claim therefore extends beyond the study’s findings on children’s pain and functioning. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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“Some studies examined the effects of intergenerational transmission of ACEs and found that higher parental childhood adversity scores were associated with higher children’s depression [35], while parents’ positive childhood experiences counteract intergenerational ACEs [36].”
BackgroundJónsdóttir, Þ., Karlsdóttir, S. I., Skúladóttir, H., Halapi, E. C., & Óskarsson, G. K. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2024-0056 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, R., Jin, Z., Li, S., Ma, Y., Wang, D., Wang, D., Sun, Y., Huang, Y., Tao, X., & Wan, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1431475 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Similarly, a cross-sectional study showed that maternal ACEs were related to higher depressive symptoms in offspring (60).”
BackgroundExploring the Lived Experiences of Pain in Military Families: A Qualitative Examination
Noyek, S. E., Lund, T., Jordan, A. L., Hoppe, T., Mitchell, R., Mitchell, R., Stinson, J., & Noel, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2023.07.016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Psychosocial Functioning of Parents of Youth Receiving Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Treatment
Christofferson, J., Scheurich, J. A., Black, W. R., Hoffart, C. M., & Wallace, D. P. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsad092 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Maternal depression, parenting, and child psychological outcomes in the context of maternal pain
O’Brien, J. R., Lee, A. H., Stone, A. L., Dieckmann, N. F., Zalewski, M., & Wilson, A. C. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14106 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationShaped by your childhood: Adult chronic pain in relation to psychological trauma in childhood
University of Akureyri, T. F. D. O. Á. M., Pálsdóttir, V. H., Jónsdóttir, Þ., University of Akureyri, Óskarsson, G. K., & University of Akureyri (2023) · Læknablaðið · doi:10.17992/lbl.2023.02.728 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rassu, F. S., Minick, K. I., Bardsley, T. R., Greene, T., Skolasky, R. L., & Fritz, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2025.105550 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Talmon, A., Shilo, G., & Tsur, N. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3441 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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A Preliminary Investigation of Psychoneurological Symptoms in Low-Income Mothers
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“Future targeted parenting interventions may be improved by addressing not only traditional depressive symptoms but also pain (Dennis et al., 2019; Wilson & Fales, 2015).”
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“Additionally, numerous studies have found that ACEs are associated with a higher incidence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) [12, 13], with a significant dose-response relationship indicating that a higher number of ACEs correlates with an increased incidence of pain [12, 14, 15].”
Ketelaars, M., Sprenger, M., Bos, A. J. M., de Grauw, A. M., Burger, M., van Veen, M., & Jong, J. C. K. (2025) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2025-224640 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Adverse childhood experiences of Korean mothers with young children: a latent class analysis
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“In addition, ACEs have a critical impact on women who are raising children, Mothers with ACEs are more likely to have chronic pain (Dennis et al., 2019), and also presented higher rates of substance use disorder (Smith et al., 2021).”
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“Furthermore, some studies revealed that parental disabilities have direct negative effects on children and adolescents, such as poor education and malnutrition (Dennis et al., 2019; He, Yan, & Zhang, 2020; Stone & Wilson, 2016).”
BackgroundPediatric chronic pain and mental health
Pavlova, M., Miller, J. V., Beveridge, J. K., Wilson, A. C., McGrath, P. J., & Noel, M. E. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198818762.003.0015_update_001
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“These include, but are not limited to: intergenerational trauma (38), childhood variables (e.g. household income, eating practices), stress-induced undereating, eating disorders (39), self-compassion (40), positive experiences, and current life stressors.”
- Authors
- Dennis, C. H., Clohessy, D. S., Stone, A. L., Darnall, B. D., & Wilson, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Portland State University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dennis, Catlin H.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1209-1217
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6790285
- OpenAlex
- W2939770017
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 9.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- adverse childhood experiences, chronic pain, mothers, intergenerational transmission, child depressive symptoms, maternal depressive symptoms, pain interference, sleep disorders, fatigue, parental divorce, child abuse, preventive interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adult, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mothers, Child of Impaired Parents, Self Report, Chronic Pain
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