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Whole Trait Theory
Open accessAbstract
Personality researchers should modify models of traits to include mechanisms of differential reaction to situations. Whole Trait Theory does so via five main points. First, the descriptive side of traits should be conceptualized as density distributions of states. Second, it is important to provide an explanatory account of the Big 5 traits. Third, adding an explanatory account to the Big 5 creates two parts to traits, an explanatory part and a descriptive part, and these two parts should be recognized as separate entities that are joined into whole traits. Fourth, Whole Trait Theory proposes that the explanatory side of traits consists of social-cognitive mechanisms. Fifth, social-cognitive mechanisms that produce Big-5 states should be identified.
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“The Whole-Trait Theory (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015) and the TESSERA framework (Wrzus & Roberts, 2017) proposed that states are manifesting as an interaction of traits with specific situations.”
From Investigating state and trait aspects of resilience using Generalizability theory (2024) · cites this paper as Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015
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Cites
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“Although the trait approach would allow for some variability in behavior, it does not appear to allow the high degree of variable responding required in the social-cognitive approach (Allport, 1937; Fleeson & Noftle, 2009; Mischel, 1973).”
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“Furthermore, although traits do a reasonable job of describing behavior and identity, even on that front they fall somewhat short (Kandler, Zimmerman, & McAdams, 2014; McAdams & Pals, 2006).”
Background
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Items 401–500 of 839
Abrahams, L., Rauthmann, J. F., & Fruyt, F. D. (2024) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506241236812 · Cited by 7
“…includes self-ratings and other-ratings of personality traits and has been applied to explain job performance evaluations, with ideas specified in the Whole Trait Theory (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015), which includes within-person variability in states and perceptions of situations as mechanisms.”
Developmental authenticity - underlying dynamics of inner work processes
Liesenfeld, K. M., Lebedinski, S., Parks, A. K., & Dammann, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1231484 · Cited by 7
“In addition, the Whole Trait Theory (WTT) (Fleeson, 2001; Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015) builds on and extends the CAPS model by differentiating between descriptive (density-distribution of behavior) and explanatory (momentary behavior as a result of situation and action) aspects of personality…”
BackgroundHämpke, J., Diller, S. J., Kerry, N., Clifton, J. D. W., & Frey, D. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-024-00180-3 · Cited by 7
Koriat, A., Undorf, M., Newman, E., & Schwarz, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01250 · Cited by 8
“Fiske and Rice (1955) and Fleeson (2001) reported evidence suggesting that intraindividual response variability is reliably stable across time (see also Baird et al., 2006; Ferrando, 2011; Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015).”
BackgroundConceptual and Historical Perspectives
Cloninger, S. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.004 · Cited by 8
The Benefits and Liabilities of Risk-Taking Propensity and Confidence at the U.S. Military Academy
Schaefer, H. S., Farina, A. G., Cotting, D. I., Proctor, E. S., Cook, C. L., & Lerner, R. M. (2020) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x20973373 · Cited by 8
“…across all situations; however, a large literature demonstrates the presence of a self-reportable, cross-situational disposition to take risks (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Zhang et al., 2019), the presence of which is connected to behaviors and outcomes in military populations, including…”
BackgroundSartori, R., Costantini, A., Ceschi, A., & Tommasi, F. (2021) · Italian Sociological Review · doi:10.13136/isr.v11i1.413 · Cited by 7
Sivaratnam, J., Cabano, E. P., & Erickson, T. M. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1967333 · Cited by 8
“…moderate the impact of stressor dimensions in person-situation interactions in which individuals differ from one another in how they respond to specific situational features with predictable within-person shifts in affect or behavior (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Shoda et al., 2013).”
BackgroundEmotionally savvy employees fail to enact emotional intelligence when ostracized
Ma, J., Zeng, Z., & Fang, K. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111250 · Cited by 8
One, two, three, sit next to me: Personality and physical distance
Hebel, V., & Rentzsch, K. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111798 · Cited by 7
Hyatt, C. S., Lynam, D. R., West, S. J., Chester, D. S., Carter, N. T., & Miller, J. D. (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22088 · Cited by 7
The diversity advantage: An explanatory framework for personality traits
Pringle, T. A., & Robinson, M. D. (2024) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070241228327 · Cited by 9
“…facets (Costa & McCrae, 1995) or the Big Five Aspects (BFAS) (DeYoung et al., 2007), higher-order traits (DeYoung et al., 2002; Digman, 1997), and integrative theories like Cybernetic Big Five Theory (CBFT) (DeYoung, 2015) and Whole Trait Theory (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015) have been proposed.”
Deventer, J., Humberg, S., Lüdtke, O., Nagy, G., Retelsdorf, J., & Wagner, J. (2019) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.214 · Cited by 7
“…who perceive autonomy support to be important might subsequently display behavior that increases the likelihood that they will fulfill their need for autonomy support (e.g., more emotionally stable or more agreeable behavior; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Prentice, Jayawickreme, & Fleeson, 2018).”
BackgroundPersonalities in sync: The covariation of psychological resources in leader–follower dyads
Dóci, E., Hofmans, J., & Judge, T. A. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211012935 · Cited by 7
“As noted by Fleeson and Jayawickreme (2015), however, more research is needed on the factors that explain such dynamic (within-individual) variation in state personality.”
BackgroundRauthmann, J. F. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1002/9781118970843.ch75 · Cited by 7
Computational Personality Assessment - An Overview and PerspectivePreprint
Stachl, C., Boyd, R. L., Horstmann, K. T., Khambatta, P., Matz, S., & Harari, G. M. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ck2bj · Cited by 7
Mindfulness and negative affectivity in real time: a within-person process model
Mneimne, M., Dashineau, S., & Yoon, K. L. (2019) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1597684 · Cited by 7
“Despite an emphasis on changing posited proximal etiological factors in therapies for PDs (e.g. Linehan, 2015; Wenzel, Chapman, Newman, Beck, & Brown, 2006), surprisingly little is known about proximal etiological factors of PDs (Miskewicz et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDrążkowski, D., Pietrzak, S., & Mądry, L. (2022) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.110938 · Cited by 6
“Based on the personality dynamics approach (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015), our findings suggest that using Instagram increased neuroticism states and the need for uniqueness.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJoyal‐Desmarais, K., Euh, H., Scharmer, A., & Snyder, M. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3110 · Cited by 6
Getting from states to traits: Whole Trait Theory’s explanatory and developmental engine
Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E. (2025) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070251366709 · Cited by 10
Self-citationDo Entrepreneurial Motivation, Personality, and Social Networking Improve Financial Access in India?
Singh, S., & Basri, S. (2025) · Prabandhan Indian Journal of Management · doi:10.17010/pijom/2025/v18i8/173732 · Cited by 6
Wu, C., Zheng, Y., & Yang, W.-N. (2026) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-020924-064336 · Cited by 9
Cade, L. (2023) · British Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/03080226231169825 · Cited by 6
“Fleeson and Jayawickreme (2015) argue both a trait and social cognitive approach or whole trait approach articulates individual differences and how people interpret situations and change behaviour according to the context.”
BackgroundCannata, D., O’Hora, D. P., & Redfern, S. (2024) · International Journal of Cross Cultural Management · doi:10.1177/14705958241244689 · Cited by 10
“Many theories of personality recognize the existence of traits, which are characteristics possessed by every human to different extents (Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015).”
Andresen, P. K., Schuurman, N. K., & Hamaker, E. L. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104528 · Cited by 11
Unlocking the language: Key features of emotions
Hartmann, K. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104628 · Cited by 12
Evidencias de validez del Compendio Internacional de Ítems de Personalidad Abreviado
Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, U. D. B. A., Simkin, H., Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, A., Duter, L. B., Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, U. D. B. A., Azzollini, S., & Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, U. D. B. A. (2020) · Liberabit Revista Peruana de Psicología · doi:10.24265/liberabit.2020.v26n1.02 · Cited by 7
“En la actualidad, la teoría de los rasgos constituye uno de los enfoques más empleados para su estudio (Costa & McCrae, 2006; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; John & Srivastava, 1999).”
BackgroundPersonality, Preferences and Socioeconomic Behavior
Ferguson, E., Zhao, K., & Smillie, L. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.044 · Cited by 6
Emotional Intelligence as a Personality State
Zampetakis, L. A., & Mitropoulou, E. M. (2022) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000734 · Cited by 7
Open Peer Commentary and Author's Response
van Zomeren, M., Täuber, S., Kutlaca, M., & Wermser, F. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2006 · Cited by 7
Development and Validation of the Trait Sexual Motivation Scale (TSMS)
Weber, M., Reis, D., & Friese, M. (2023) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2023.2206896 · Cited by 7
“…seeming conundrum between stable patterns of sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors on the one hand and strong intraindividual variability on the other hand is elegantly resolved by the idea of traits as density distributions of states (Fleeson, 2001; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Roberts, 2009).”
BackgroundIs the concept of personality capacious enough to incorporate virtues?
Fowers, B. J., Novak, L. F., Kiknadze, N. C., & Selim, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1232637 · Cited by 9
“In recent years, integrations of the structuralist/dimension approach and the process approach have emerged, such as whole trait theory (WTT; Fleeson and Jayawickreme, 2015) and the three-tiered framework of personality (TTFP; McAdams, 2015).”
BackgroundFreudenstein, J., Schulze, J., Schäpers, P., Mussel, P., & Krumm, S. (2023) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000794 · Cited by 6
Veilleux, J. C., Clift, J. B., Brott, K. H., Warner, E. A., Schreiber, R. E., Henderson, H. M., & Shelton, D. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2305400 · Cited by 11
“Personality traits essentially re fl ect frequently enacted personality states (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015), suggesting that self-critical people do self-criticism more frequently.”
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Temperament and Brain Networks of Attention
Rothbart, M. K., Posner, M. I., & Sheese, B. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.016 · Cited by 8
Biesanz, J. C., & Wallace, J. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.006 · Cited by 7
Modeling the dynamics of action
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Can We Trust Current Findings on Posttraumatic Growth?
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Self-citationIntegrating Trait and Process Approaches to Personality
McCrae, R. R. (2016) · doi:10.1002/9781119173489.ch1 · Cited by 6
Human brain state dynamics reflect individual neuro-phenotypesPreprint
Lee, K., Ji, J. L., Fonteneau, C., Berkovitch, L., Rahmati, M., Pan, L., Repovš, G., Krystal, J. H., Murray, J. D., & Anticevic, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.557763 · Cited by 6
“To estimate the geometry of principal variations in behavioral phenotypes, we performed PCA on 262 variables across 15 behavioral domains from the HCP S1200 unrestricted and restricted behavioral data: alertness (1-2), cognition (3-39), emotion (40-63), personality (64-68), emotion task performances (69-74), gambling…”
BackgroundMethodSensation seeking and risk adjustment: the role of reward sensitivity in dynamic risky decisions
Yin, Q.-L., Chen, S., Hou, T., Wei, D., & Liu, T.-S. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1492312 · Cited by 4
Kou, H., Luo, W., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Li, X., Wu, Y., Xiao, Q., & Bi, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1622626 · Cited by 6
“Meanwhile, the explanatory part consists of mechanisms that produce traits, including cognition; and social-cognitive processes can explain density distributions of states (74).”
Russell, E., & Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2026) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.70074 · Cited by 7
Beyond neuroticism: mediators of personality traits and internalizing psychopathology
Faur, D., Dindelegan, C. M., Drugas, M. I., & Sava, F. A. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02716-x · Cited by 6
“Thirdly, according to the whole trait theory [57], the Big-Five conceptualization of personality traits accounts for the distribution of the states that can be seen within an individual.”
West, K. (2020) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2020.1764470 · Cited by 5
“Traits can be understood as an average of state expressions across time and situations (Fleeson et al., 2001; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015).”
BackgroundEckes, T., & Nestler, S. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231165677 · Cited by 5
“We chose these two variables because it seemed reasonable to assume that both have the necessary trait and state components (e.g., Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Geukes et al., 2017).”
MethodHamm, J. M., Shane, J., Pierce, M. J., & Duggan, K. A. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12788 · Cited by 5
Self‐other agreement and criterion‐related validity of moral pride and hubris
Bai, F., Lin, K. J., & Zhang, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12859 · Cited by 6
Motivational Theories of Leadership
Ahsan, M. J. (2023) · Advances in logistics, operations, and management science book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8822-5.ch015 · Cited by 5
Opinion: Which animals have personality?
Adolphs, R., & Xu, Y. (2024) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2023.9 · Cited by 5
“Jayawickreme (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015) 2 Humanistic theory (a person ’ s understanding of the world is fundamental to who that person is) Holistic-dynamic theory Established the hierarchy of needs, which explains the levels of needs from low to high as physiological, safety, belongingness,…”
BackgroundInfluentialKloft, M., Snijder, J.-P., & Heck, D. W. (2024) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-024-02394-4 · Cited by 6
Personality science, resilience, and posttraumatic growth
Jayawickreme, E., Forgeard, M. J. C., & Blackie, L. E. R. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001551 · Cited by 5
Self-citationIntegrating Personality/Character Neuroscience with Network Analysis
Bolt, T., Hampton, R. S., Furr, R. M., Fleeson, W., Laurienti, P. J., & Dagenbach, D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800935-2.00003-8 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPelt, D. H. M., van der Linden, D., Dunkel, C. S., & Born, M. P. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119880960 · Cited by 5
“…general factor scores were present between the development and selection context implies that the social desirability factor, in line with (modern) trait theories (e.g., Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is partly a function of the motivational context in which it is assessed.”
BackgroundPersonality in Clinical Psychology
Widiger, T. A., & McCabe, G. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.042 · Cited by 5
States and Situations, Traits and Environments
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Blanco, S., Luque-Reca, O., Catalá, P., Bedmar, D., Furlong, L. V., & Peñacoba, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228442 · Cited by 5
Using functional fields to represent accounts of the psychological processes that produce actions
Wood, D., Spain, S. M., Monroe, B. M., & Harms, P. D. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00024-8 · Cited by 5
Neural network models of personality structure and dynamics
Read, S. J., & Miller, L. C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819200-9.00004-1 · Cited by 5
From needs to traits: The mediating role of beliefs about control
Mussel, P. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109525 · Cited by 5
Lang, J. W. B., & Goh, Z. W. C. (2019) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2019.0180 · Cited by 5
Introversion, Solitude, and Happiness
Zelenski, J. M., Sobocko, K., & Whelan, D. C. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119576457.ch22 · Cited by 5
Learning Complex Users' Preferences for Recommender SystemsPreprint
Yakhchi, S. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.25949/21385734 · Cited by 9
Rauthmann, J. F. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1002/9781119547167.ch75 · Cited by 5
Breil, S. M., Utesch, K., Wilson, R. E., Nestler, S., Vazire, S., & Back, M. D. (2016) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7xjd9 · Cited by 9
Giardino, P. L., Cristofaro, M., & Petrenko, O. V. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-025-06189-1 · Cited by 7
“Psychological research recognizes that individuals express varying personality states over time, and the density of these states shapes behavioral patterns (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015).”
Borgdorf, K. S. A., Küchler, G., Wrzus, C., & Aguilar‐Raab, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27697-0 · Cited by 4
“This approach follows theoretical work conceptualizing traits as relatively stable self-concepts that emerge from the repeated enactment of states 15,40,41 .”
Explanatory personality science in the neuroimaging era: the map is not the territory
Allen, T. A., Hall, N. T., Schreiber, A., & Hallquist, M. N. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.11.009 · Cited by 4
“Third, mapping studies are typically void of experimentation; no attempt is made to manipulate behaviors that aggregate over time into a trait of interest [4].”
BackgroundVaughan, A. C., & Birney, D. P. (2024) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2024.101869 · Cited by 4
Abbasi‐Asl, R., Lerner, R. M., Keces, N., Yu, D. L., Tirrell, J. M., Dowling, E. M., Sim, A., Lerner, J. V., Mackin, M., Hasse, A., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251324128 · Cited by 4
Hurry up and wait: Developmental anxiety during the transition to adulthood
Ratner, K., Budesheim, E. F., Alexander, C. S., Klein, R. C., Leinenweber, S., Zhang, L., Zhao, T. Y., Romero, O. G., & Napolitano, C. M. (2025) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12621 · Cited by 6
Elegant theories and the problems of social psychology
Syed, M. (2025) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2025.2494434 · Cited by 4
“This descriptive work provided the foundations on which new theories of personality could be built, such as Cybernetic Big Five Theory (DeYoung, 2015) and Whole Trait Theory (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015).”
Thapa, S., Tay, L., & Hou, D. (2021) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-355520210000019007 · Cited by 5
Irvin, R. L., Roiger, A. N., & Robinson, M. D. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09999-z · Cited by 5
“In this connection, it has been shown that manifestations of personality exhibit as much variation within a person as between persons (Fleeson, 2004) and this within-person variance needs to be better understood (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015).”
BackgroundAlvarez-Nuñez, L. S., Vásquez‐Echeverría, A., & Antino, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03910-5 · Cited by 4
Self as both target and judge: Who has an easier time knowing their own personality?
Long, E. U., Carlson, E. N., & Human, L. J. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12806 · Cited by 6
The impact of personality traits on interpersonal dynamics at zero acquaintance
Halberstadt, A. L., & Pincus, A. L. (2023) · International Journal of Personality Psychology · doi:10.21827/ijpp.9.40271 · Cited by 4
“Keywords: agency, communion, personality traits, personality dynamics Current personality models (Cervone & Little, 2019; DeYoung, 2015; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Sosnowska et al., 2020; Wright et al., 2023; Wrzus & Roberts, 2017) aim to integrate the structure of personality with the dynamic…”
BackgroundDoes narcissus prefer to be alone? Narcissistic personality features and the preference for solitude
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Vonk, J. M., & Fatfouta, R. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12901 · Cited by 4
Li, X., Shao, B., & Bian, G. (2024) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2024.111888 · Cited by 5
Kocjan, G. Z., Sočan, G., Buško, V., & Avsec, A. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104550 · Cited by 5
Stoyanova, K., Stoyanov, D., Khorev, V. S., & Kurkin, S. (2024) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-024-01411-z · Cited by 4
“The descriptive and explanatory models of traits, as well as the etiological aspects of traits (why people exhibit specific traits), are integrated into a more global model, postulated in the whole trait theory [35].”
Physicians’ Social Skills – Conceptualization, Taxonomy, and Behavioral Assessment
Breil, S. M., Amelung, D., Oberst, S., Rollinger, T., Ahrens, H., Garbe, A., Kadmon, M., Marschall, B., Back, M. D., & Peters, H. (2024) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.5334/pme.1171 · Cited by 6
Ibaceta, M., Madrid, H. P., & Reiter‐Palmon, R. (2025) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2882 · Cited by 5
Gander, F., Traut, A. C., Uhlich, M., Horstmann, K. T., Steppan, M., Ziegler, M. D., & Grob, A. (2025) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000906 · Cited by 4
Schreiber, M., & Gloor, P. A. (2020) · Der Mensch im Unternehmen: Impulse für Fach- und Führungskräfte · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60465-6_12 · Cited by 4
Buckett, A., Becker, J. R., & Roodt, G. (2021) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000266 · Cited by 4
Anicich, E. M. (2021) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12607 · Cited by 4
“This approach leverages recent advances in personality psychology suggesting that personality traits can be conceived as a frequency distribution of momentary states (e.g., see Whole Trait Theory; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015, and the Personality Dynamics Model; Sosnowska et al., 2019).”
BackgroundBryant-Lees, K. B., & LaHuis, D. M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111410 · Cited by 4
Against reductivist character realism
Jeffrey, A., & Beary, A. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2063114 · Cited by 4
“Miller’s Mixed Trait Theory (MTT) offers a refreshing exception, which allows us to characterize his account of character as fitting neatly into the monist reductivist categories.”
BackgroundInfluentialGrossmann, I. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009085724.007 · Cited by 7
Dykhuis, E. M., Warren, M. T., Meindl, P., & Jayawickreme, E. (2023) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2396 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSchoolwork effort and emotions predict self‐control in a weekly diary study
Wu, Y., Ng‐Knight, T., & Tenenbaum, H. R. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12833 · Cited by 4
Sciberas, C., & Fournier, M. A. (2023) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506231191084 · Cited by 4
“Indeed, in line with Whole Trait Theory (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015), cybernetic personality psychology (DeYoung, 2015), and SDT (Church et al., 2013; Vansteenkiste & Ryan, 2013), the frustration of specific needs (e.g., relatedness) may elicit specific and related behavioral responses (e.g., overly nurturing interp…”
Tiwari, P. (2024) · SN Business & Economics · doi:10.1007/s43546-024-00630-9 · Cited by 6
Main Biological Models of Resilience.
Marazziti, D., Fantasia, S., Palermo, S., Arone, A., Massa, L., Gambini, M., & Carmassi, C. (2024) · PubMed Central · doi:10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240201 · Cited by 6
Relations among the trifurcated narcissism domains at trait and state level: Two of a kind?
Bauditz, S. C., Wright, A. G. C., Heß, U., & Ziegler, M. D. (2024) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070241297727 · Cited by 10
“This view is substantiated by the Whole Trait Theory (Fleeson, 2012; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015), which provides a comprehensive framework for understanding personality traits incorporating a descriptive and explanatory side.”
InfluentialVirtual personalities and neural networks: Capturing the structure and dynamics of personality
Read, S. J., Brown, A. D., Wang, P., & Miller, L. C. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813995-0.00040-6 · Cited by 4
Jackson, C. J., Minbashian, A., & Criado‐Perez, C. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.043 · Cited by 4
Character strength traits, states, and emotional well-being: A daily diary studyPreprint
Wagner, L., & Gander, F. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/hraxc · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fleeson, William
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 56
- Pages
- 82-92
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4472377
- OpenAlex
- W2059608342
- Cited by
- 839
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 40.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Templeton World Charity Foundation
- John Templeton Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- Whole Trait Theory, personality traits, Big Five personality traits, trait models, trait structure
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