The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 88 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Whole Trait Theory
Open accessAbstract
Personality researchers should modify models of traits to include mechanisms of differential reaction to situations. Whole Trait Theory does so via five main points. First, the descriptive side of traits should be conceptualized as density distributions of states. Second, it is important to provide an explanatory account of the Big 5 traits. Third, adding an explanatory account to the Big 5 creates two parts to traits, an explanatory part and a descriptive part, and these two parts should be recognized as separate entities that are joined into whole traits. Fourth, Whole Trait Theory proposes that the explanatory side of traits consists of social-cognitive mechanisms. Fifth, social-cognitive mechanisms that produce Big-5 states should be identified.
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“The Whole-Trait Theory (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015) and the TESSERA framework (Wrzus & Roberts, 2017) proposed that states are manifesting as an interaction of traits with specific situations.”
From Investigating state and trait aspects of resilience using Generalizability theory (2024) · cites this paper as Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015
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Citations
Cites
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884
The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure
Goldberg, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 · Cited by 5,530 · cited 1×
“The trait approach, as instantiated in the Big 5/HEXACO model (Ashton & Lee, 2009; Costa & McCrae, 2006; DeYoung, Weisberg, Quilty, & Peterson, 2013; Goldberg, 1992; Johnson, 1997, Perugini & Gallucci, 1997; see also Wright et al., 2013), has made remarkable progress in identifying the content of…”
MethodMadison, P., & Mischel, W. (1968) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421067 · Cited by 4,395 · cited 1×
“The social cognitive approach starts with the observation that trait manifestations appear to be inconsistent (Cervone, 2005; Hartshorne & May, 1928; Mischel, 1968).”
BackgroundMischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246 · Cited by 3,889 · cited 8×
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript competencies, self-regulatory plans, and goals (Allport, 1937; Mischel & Shoda, 1995; Mischel, 1973).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality: A Psychological Interpretation
Jenkins, J. G., & Allport, G. W. (1938) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1415717 · Cited by 3,215
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Mischel, W. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0035002 · Cited by 3,181 · cited 6×
“Although the trait approach would allow for some variability in behavior, it does not appear to allow the high degree of variable responding required in the social-cognitive approach (Allport, 1937; Fleeson & Noftle, 2009; Mischel, 1973).”
BackgroundInfluentialRoberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361
Personality and the Prediction of Consequential Outcomes
Ozer, D. J., & Benet‐Martínez, V. (2005) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127 · Cited by 2,307 · cited 1×
“Traits matter to important outcomes (Duckworth, Weir, Tsukayama, & Kwok, 2012; Ozer & Benet-Martínez, 2006; Roberts, Kuncel, Shiner, Caspi, & Goldberg, 2007; Turiano, Chapman, Gruenewald, & Mroczek, 2013), and observers agree about Big 5 levels of targets (Vazire, 2010).”
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002046 · Cited by 2,046
A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality.
McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.61.3.204 · Cited by 1,992 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, although traits do a reasonable job of describing behavior and identity, even on that front they fall somewhat short (Kandler, Zimmerman, & McAdams, 2014; McAdams & Pals, 2006).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1982). Analyzing the construction of consistency in personality. Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 233–262).
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fleeson, W., & Jayawickreme, E.
- Affiliations
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fleeson, William
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 56
- Pages
- 82-92
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4472377
- OpenAlex
- W2059608342
- Cited by
- 839
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 108 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 40.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Templeton World Charity Foundation
- John Templeton Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- Whole Trait Theory, personality traits, Big Five personality traits, trait models, trait structure
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