Cited by 156Protist diversity and phylogenyOrigins and Evolution of LifeEvolution and Genetic Dynamics

Symbiosis in eukaryotic evolution

Open access
López-García, Purificación, Eme, Laura, Moreira, David·2017·Journal of Theoretical Biology

Abstract

Fifty years ago, Lynn Margulis, inspiring in early twentieth-century ideas that put forward a symbiotic origin for some eukaryotic organelles, proposed a unified theory for the origin of the eukaryotic cell based on symbiosis as evolutionary mechanism. Margulis was profoundly aware of the importance of symbiosis in the natural microbial world and anticipated the evolutionary significance that integrated cooperative interactions might have as mechanism to increase cellular complexity. Today, we have started fully appreciating the vast extent of microbial diversity and the importance of syntrophic metabolic cooperation in natural ecosystems, especially in sediments and microbial mats. Also, not only the symbiogenetic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts has been clearly demonstrated, but improvement in phylogenomic methods combined with recent discoveries of archaeal lineages more closely related to eukaryotes further support the symbiogenetic origin of the eukaryotic cell. Margulis left us in legacy the idea of 'eukaryogenesis by symbiogenesis'. Although this has been largely verified, when, where, and specifically how eukaryotic cells evolved are yet unclear. Here, we shortly review current knowledge about symbiotic interactions in the microbial world and their evolutionary impact, the status of eukaryogenetic models and the current challenges and perspectives ahead to reconstruct the evolutionary path to eukaryotes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.02.031

Cites

207 of 207 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Madigan MT Martinko JM Bender KS Buckley DH Stahl DA Brock T Brock biology of microorganisms 14th edition 2014 Benjamin Cummings San Francisco, California, U.S.A

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
López-García, P., Eme, L., & Moreira, D.
Affiliations
  • Dalhousie University (CA)
  • Université Paris-Sud (FR)
Venue
Journal of Theoretical Biology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-12
Volume
434
Pages
20-33
ISSN
0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2592590328
Cited by
154
References
206
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12
FWCI
8.16
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
European Research Council Advanced (322669)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Keywords
symbiosis, eukaryotic origin, symbiogenesis, Lynn Margulis, endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria, chloroplast origin, eukaryotic organelles, microbial mats, sediment microbial communities, archaea, phylogenomics, eukaryotic evolution
MeSH terms
Eukaryotic Cells, Biological Evolution, Symbiosis, Ecosystem, Eukaryota, Microbiota

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review