How fast and how often: The pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction

Allain, Florence; Minogianis, Ellie-Anna; Roberts, David C.S.; Samaha, Anne-Noël

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.012

Cited by 192Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

How fast and how often: The pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction

Open access

Allain, Florence, Minogianis, Ellie-Anna, Roberts, David C.S., Samaha, Anne-Noël·2015·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.012

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

How much, how often and how fast a drug reaches the brain determine the behavioural and neuroplastic changes associated with the addiction process. Despite the critical nature of these variables, the drug addiction field often ignores pharmacokinetic issues, which we argue can lead to false conclusions. First, we review the clinical data demonstrating the importance of the speed of drug onset and of intermittent patterns of drug intake in psychostimulant drug addiction. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature demonstrating that pharmacokinetic variables play a decisive role in determining behavioural and neurobiological outcomes in animal models of addiction. This literature includes recent data highlighting the importance of intermittent, 'spiking' brain levels of drug in producing an increase in the motivation to take drug over time. Rapid drug onset and intermittent drug exposure both appear to push the addiction process forward most effectively. This has significant implications for refining animal models of addiction and for better understanding the neuroadaptations that are critical for the disorder.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.012

Cites

143 of 143 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Both cognitive enhancement and drug addiction are highly associated with pharmacokinetic properties.
“Several studies have revealed that both cognitive enhancement and drug addiction are highly associated with pharmacokinetic properties (9, 10).”
From Effects of Lisdexamfetamine, a Prodrug of D-Amphetamine, on Locomotion, Spatial Cognitive Processing and Neurochemical Profiles in Rats: A Comparison With Immediate-Release Amphetamine (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Section 3 states that pharmacokinetic variables strongly influence drug effects relevant to addiction, supporting the addiction portion of the claim. The passages from our copy do not address cognitive enhancement, so this source does not support that portion. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Different administration routes and/or nicotine doses can lead to significant variability in reported findings, particularly as different administration routes alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the same drug dose.
“Different administration routes and/or nicotine doses can thus lead to significant variability in reported findings, particularly as different administration routes are known to alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the same drug dose [153].”
From Adolescent nicotine exposure and persistent neurocircuitry changes: unveiling lifelong psychiatric risks (2025) · cites this paper as [153]
The addictive potential of a drug depends upon the speed with which it gets to the brain following taking it and the intermittency of use.
“The addictive potential of a drug depends upon the speed with which it gets to the brain following taking it and the intermittency of use (Allain et al., 2015).”
From A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept (2022) · cites this paper as Allain et al., 2015
Some of the individual variation in sensitization can be explained by the fact that individuals differ in their patterns of drug-taking.
“Some of this can be explained by the fact that individuals differ in their patterns of drug-taking (Allain, Minogianis, Roberts, & Samaha, 2015).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Allain, Minogianis, Roberts, & Samaha, 2015

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346 · see citing works
Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis
Robinson, T. G., & BECKER, J. (1986) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(86)80193-7 · Cited by 2,110 · see citing works
Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis
Robinson, T. E., & Becker, J. B. (1986) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(86)90002-0 · Cited by 1,796 · see citing works
The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive–sensitization view
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.95.8s2.19.x · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy
Richardson, N. R., & Roberts, D. C. S. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/0165-0270(95)00153-0 · Cited by 1,357 · see citing works
Self-citation
Transition from Moderate to Excessive Drug Intake: Change in Hedonic Set Point
Ahmed, S. H., & Koob, G. F. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.282.5387.298 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Progressive Ratio as a Measure of Reward Strength
Hodos, W. (1961) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.134.3483.943 · Cited by 1,147 · see citing works
Abstinence Symptomatology and Psychiatric Diagnosis in Cocaine Abusers
Gawin, F. H. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020013003 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
Evidence for Addiction-like Behavior in the Rat
Deroche-Gamonet, V., Belin, D., & Piazza, P. V. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1099020 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Cocaine Addiction: Psychology and Neurophysiology
Gawin, F. H. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2011738 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Drug Seeking Becomes Compulsive After Prolonged Cocaine Self-Administration
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., & Everitt, B. J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1098975 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Tolerance and sensitization to the behavioral effects of drugs
Stewart, J., & Badiani, A. (1993) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199308000-00003 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Stress- and pharmacologically-induced behavioral sensitization increases vulnerability to acquisition of amphetamine self-administration
Piazza, P. V., Deminiere, J. M., le Moal, M., & Simon, H. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90431-a · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Time-Dependent Increases in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protein Levels within the Mesolimbic Dopamine System after Withdrawal from Cocaine: Implications for Incubation of Cocaine Craving
Grimm, J. W., Lü, L., Hayashi, T., Hope, B. T., Su, T., & Shaham, Y. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-03-00742.2003 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Sensitization of midbrain dopamine neuron reactivity and the self-administration of psychomotor stimulant drugs
Vezina, P. (2004) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.001 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Classical Conditioning in Drug‐Dependent Humansa
OʼBRIEN, C. P., Childress, A. R., McLellan, A. T., & Ehrman, R. N. (1992) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25984.x · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Repeated exposures intensify rather than diminish the rewarding effects of amphetamine, morphine, and cocaine
Lett, B. T. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00451687 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Variables That Affect the Clinical Use and Abuse of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD
Volkow, N. D., & Swanson, J. M. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1909 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Establishing a Nicotine Threshold for Addiction -- The Implications for Tobacco Regulation
Benowitz, N. L., & Henningfield, J. E. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199407143310212 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Increasing effects of repetitive cocaine administration in the rat
Post, R. M., & Rose, H. H. R. M. (1976) · Nature · doi:10.1038/260731a0 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
MeCP2 controls BDNF expression and cocaine intake through homeostatic interactions with microRNA-212
Im, H., Hollander, J. A., Bali, P., & Kenny, P. J. (2010) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2615 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
COCAINE-REINFORCED BEHAVIOR IN RATS: EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT MAGNITUDE AND FIXED-RATIO SIZE
Pickens, R. W., & Thompson, T. (1968) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)27954-x · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Fluctuations in nucleus accumbens dopamine concentration during intravenous cocaine self-administration in rats
Wise, R. A., Leeb, K., Pocock, D., Newton, P., Burnette, B., & Justice, J. B. (1995) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246140 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Dynamic BDNF activity in nucleus accumbens with cocaine use increases self-administration and relapse
Graham, D. L., Edwards, S., Bachtell, R. K., Dileone, R., Rios, M., & Self, D. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1929 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Neurobiological evidence for hedonic allostasis associated with escalating cocaine use
Ahmed, S. H., Kenny, P. J., Koob, G. F., & Markou, A. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn872 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Intermittent versus continuous stimulation: Effect of time interval on the development of sensitization or tolerance
Post, R. M. (1980) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(80)90085-5 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Cocaine-induced cocaine craving
Jaffe, J. H., Cascella, N. G., Kumor, K. M., & Sherer, M. A. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00443414 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The estrous cycle affects cocaine self-administration on a progressive ratio schedule in rats
Roberts, D. C. S., Bennett, S. A. L., & Vickers, G. J. (1989) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00451696 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sensitization in the Nervous System
Barnes, C. D. (2024) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781003575955 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Conditioning of drug-induced physiological responses.
Eikelboom, R., & Stewart, J. (1982) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.5.507 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Cocaine Plasma Concentration: Relation to Physiological and Subjective Effects in Humans
Javaid, J. I., Fischman, M. W., Schuster, C. R., Dekirmenjian, H., & Davis, J. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.694530 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Severity of dependence and route of administration of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines
Gossop, M., Griffiths, P., Powis, B., & Strang, J. (1992) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02660.x · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Long-lasting increase in the set point for cocaine self-administration after escalation in rats
Ahmed, S. H., & Koob, G. F. (1999) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130051121 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Neural and Behavioral Plasticity Associated with the Transition from Controlled to Escalated Cocaine Use
Ferrario, C. R., Gorny, G., Crombag, H. S., Li, Y., Kolb, B., & Robinson, T. E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.046 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Crack Cocaine and Cocaine Hydrochloride
Hatsukami, D. K. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540190052029 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Preexposure sensitizes rats to the rewarding effects of cocaine
Horger, B. A., Shelton, K. L., & Schenk, S. (1990) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(90)90552-s · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Excessive cocaine use results from decreased phasic dopamine signaling in the striatum
Willuhn, I., Burgeno, L. M., Groblewski, P. A., & Phillips, P. E. M. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3694 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Cocaine
Cone, E. J. (1995) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/19.6.459 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Transition to drug addiction: a negative reinforcement model based on an allostatic decrease in reward function
Ahmed, S. H., & Koob, G. F. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2180-z · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking: A Dependence on High-Nicotine Boli
Russell, M. A. H., & Feyerabend, C. (1978) · Drug Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.3109/03602537808993776 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking.
Jeffcoat, A. R., Perez‐Reyes, M., Hill, J. M., Sadler, B. M., & Cook, C. E. (1989) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1016/s0090-9556(25)08737-9 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The hypocretin–orexin system regulates cocaine self‐administration via actions on the mesolimbic dopamine system
España, R. A., Oleson, E. B., Locke, J. L., Brookshire, B. R., Roberts, D. C. S., & Jones, S. R. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07065.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cocaine-Induced Psychosis
Brady, K. T., Lydiard, R. B., Malcolm, R. J., & Ballenger, J. C. (1992) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e324222004-013 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Cocaine-induced place preference conditioning: Lack of effects of neuroleptics and 6-hydroxydopamine lesions
Spyraki, C., Fibiger, H. C., & Phillips, A. G. (1982) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90686-2 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Break-points on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous cocaine increase following depletion of forebrain serotonin
Loh, E. A., & Roberts, D. C. S. (1990) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244137 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-citation
THE EFFECT OF REPEATED DOSES OF COCAINE ON THE RAT
Downs, A. W., & Eddy, N. B. (1932) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)07982-0 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Effects of extended access to high versus low cocaine doses on self-administration, cocaine-induced reinstatement and brain mRNA levels in rats
Mantsch, J. R., Yuferov, V. P., Mathieu-Kia, A.-M., Ho, A., & Kreek, M. J. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1778-x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Sensitization of Midbrain Dopamine Neuron Reactivity Promotes the Pursuit of Amphetamine
Vezina, P., Lorrain, D. S., Arnold, G. M., Austin, J. D., & Suto, N. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-11-04654.2002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
PET Study Examining Pharmacokinetics, Detection and Likeability, and Dopamine Transporter Receptor Occupancy of Short- and Long-Acting Oral Methylphenidate
Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., E. Ciccone, P., Madras, B. K., Dougherty, D. D., Bonab, A. A., Livni, E., Parasrampuria, D. A., & Fischman, A. J. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.387 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Increased motivation for self-administered cocaine after escalated cocaine intake
Paterson, N. E., & Markou, A. (2003) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200312020-00019 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The science of making drug-addicted animals
Ahmed, S. H. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.014 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Predisposition to self-administer amphetamine: the contribution of response to novelty and prior exposure to the drug
Pierre, P. J., & Vezina, P. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050191 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Cocaine disposition in the brain after continuous or intermittent treatment and locomotor stimulation in mice.
Reith, M. E. A., Benuck, M., & Lajtha, Á. (1987) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)39232-3 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Psychomotor stimulant self administration as a function of dosage per injection in the Rhesus monkey
Wilson, M. C., Hitomi, M., & Schuster, C. R. (1971) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00401789 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Temporal Pattern of Cocaine Intake Determines Tolerance vs Sensitization of Cocaine Effects at the Dopamine Transporter
Calipari, E. S., Ferris, M. J., Zimmer, B. A., Roberts, D. C. S., & Jones, S. R. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.136 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Self-citation
Pre-exposure of rats to amphetamine sensitizes self-administration of this drug under a progressive ratio schedule
Mendrek, A., Blaha, C. D., & Phillips, A. G. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050530 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Effects of route of administration on cocaine induced dopamine transporter blockade in the human brain
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fischman, M. W., Foltin, R. W., Fowler, J. S., Franceschi, D., Franceschi, M., Logan, J., Gatley, S. J., Wong, C., et al. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00731-1 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Cocaine: plasma concentrations after intranasal application in man.
Van Dyke, C., Barash, P. G., Jatlow, P., & Byck, R. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.56036 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Pattern of Intake and Drug Craving Predict the Development of Cocaine Addiction-like Behavior in Rats
Belin, D., Balado, É., Piazza, P. V., & Deroche‐Gamonet, V. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.031 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Differences in the Pharmacokinetics of Cocaine in Naive and Cocaine‐Experienced Rats
Pan, H., Menacherry, S. D., & Justice, J. B. (1991) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb11425.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Previous exposure to amphetamine increases incentive to obtain the drug: long-lasting effects revealed by the progressive ratio schedule
Lorrain, D. S., Arnold, G. M., & Vezina, P. (2000) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00109-6 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Cocaine
Dyke, C. V., & Byck, R. (1982) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0382-128 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The Motivation to Self-Administer is Increased After a History of Spiking Brain Levels of Cocaine
Zimmer, B. A., Oleson, E. B., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.37 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dissociation of Psychomotor Sensitization from Compulsive Cocaine Consumption
Ahmed, S. H., & Cador, M. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300834 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Cocaine: Patterns of Use, Route of Administration, and Severity of Dependence
Gossop, M., Griffiths, P., Powis, B., & Strang, J. (1994) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.164.5.660 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Arterial and venous cocaine plasma concentrations in humans: relationship to route of administration, cardiovascular effects and subjective effects.
Evans, S. M., Cone, E. J., & Henningfield, J. E. (1996) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(25)21295-2 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Exposure to nicotine and sensitization of nicotine-induced behaviors
Vezina, P., McGehee, D. S., & Green, W. N. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.038 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Patterns of cocaine self-administration in rats produced by various access conditions under a discrete trials procedure
Roberts, D. C. S., Brebner, K., Vincler, M. A., & Lynch, W. J. (2002) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(02)00083-2 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of baclofen on cocaine self-administration in rats reinforced under fixed-ratio 1 and progressive-ratio schedules
Brebner, K., Phelan, R., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050056 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citation
Monoamine oxidases and tobacco smoking
Berlin, I., & Anthenelli, R. M. (2001) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145701002188 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Cocaine-induced place conditioning: importance of route of administration and other procedural variables
Nomikos, G. G., & Spyraki, C. (1988) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00735892 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
α1-Noradrenergic system role in increased motivation for cocaine intake in rats with prolonged access
Wee, S., Mandyam, C. D., Lekić, D., & Koob, G. F. (2007) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2007.08.003 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Kinetics of cocaine in humans after intravenous and intranasal administration
Javaid, J. I., Musa, M. N., Fischman, M. W., Schuster, C. R., & Davis, J. M. (1983) · Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition · doi:10.1002/bdd.2510040104 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Behavioral and neurochemical sensitization following cocaine self-administration
Hooks, M. S., Duffy, P., Striplin, C. D., & Kalivas, P. W. (1994) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244782 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Behavioral and Functional Evidence of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2/3 and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Dysregulation in Cocaine-Escalated Rats: Factor in the Transition to Dependence
Hao, Y., Martin‐Fardon, R., & Weiss, F. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.011 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Evidence-based treatments of addiction
O’Brien, C. P. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Functional consequences of acute cocaine treatment depend on route of administration
Porrino, L. J. (1993) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244931 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Tropomyosin-Related Kinase B in the Mesolimbic Dopamine System: Region-Specific Effects on Cocaine Reward
Graham, D. L., Krishnan, V., Larson, E. B., Graham, A., Edwards, S., Bachtell, R. K., Simmons, D. L., Gent, L. M., Berton, O., Bolaños, C. A., et al. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.032 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Rate of Cocaine Administration Alters Gene Regulation and Behavioral Plasticity: Implications for Addiction
Samaha, A., Mallet, N. P., Ferguson, S. M., Gonon, F., & Robinson, T. E. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1205-04.2004 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citation
Extended Access to Cocaine Self-Administration Enhances Drug-Primed Reinstatement but Not Behavioral Sensitization
Knackstedt, L. A., & Kalivas, P. W. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.107.122861 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Daily cocaine treatment produces a persistent reduction of [3H]dopamine uptake in vitro in rat nucleus accumbens but not in striatum
Izenwasser, S., & Cox, B. M. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90797-f · Cited by 109 · see citing works
The frequency of cocaine administration impacts cocaine-induced receptor alterations
Unterwald, E. M., Kreek, M. J., & Cuntapay, M. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02269-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Contributions of prolonged contingent and noncontingent cocaine exposure to enhanced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats
Kippin, T. E., Fuchs, R. A., & See, R. E. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0386-3 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Behavioral Economic Assessment of Price and Cocaine Consumption Following Self-Administration Histories that Produce Escalation of Either Final Ratios or Intake
Oleson, E. B., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.195 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citation
The transition from controlled to compulsive drug use is associated with a loss of sensitization
Ben‐Shahar, O., Ahmed, S. H., Koob, G. F., & Ettenberg, A. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2003.09.053 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Ultrastructural features of tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunoreactive afferents and their targets in the rat amygdala
Asan, E. (1997) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s004410050832 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Firing Rate of Nucleus Accumbens Neurons Is Dopamine-Dependent and Reflects the Timing of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior in Rats on a Progressive Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Nicola, S. M., & Deadwyler, S. A. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-14-05526.2000 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Repeated exposure to cocaine differently modulates BDNF mRNA and protein levels in rat striatum and prefrontal cortex
Fumagalli, F., Pasquale, L. D., Caffino, L., Racagni, G., & Riva, M. A. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05918.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Sensitization of the reinforcing effects of self‐administered cocaine in rats: effects of dose and intravenous injection speed
Liu, Y., Roberts, D. C. S., & Morgan, D. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04195.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
Abstinence from Cocaine Self-Administration Heightens Neural Encoding of Goal-Directed Behaviors in the Accumbens
Hollander, J. A., & Carelli, R. M. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300748 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Cocaine use in Amsterdam in non Deviant Subcultures
Cohen, P. D. A., & Sas, A. (1994) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359409005547 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Robust Escalation of Nicotine Intake with Extended Access to Nicotine Self-Administration and Intermittent Periods of Abstinence
Cohen, A., Koob, G. F., & George, O. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.67 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine following binge-abstinent self-administration
Morgan, D., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.11.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citation
The effects of dose and access restrictions on the periodicity of cocaine self-administration in the rat
Fitch, T. E., & Roberts, D. C. S. (1993) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90053-s · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intravenous cocaine-induced place preference: attenuation by haloperidol
Spyraki, C., Nomikos, G. G., & Varonos, D. D. (1987) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(87)90016-7 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Lesions of central serotonin systems affect responding on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced either by intravenous cocaine or by food
Roberts, D. C. S., Loh, E. A., Baker, G. B., & Vickers, G. (1994) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90473-1 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rapid delivery of nicotine promotes behavioral sensitization and alters its neurobiological impact
Samaha, A., Yau, W. W., Yang, P., & Robinson, T. E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.040 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citation
Increases in the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine after particular histories of reinforcement
Morgan, D., Brebner, K., Lynch, W. J., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2002) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200209000-00012 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citation
Binge cocaine self-administration in humans: intravenous cocaine
Ward, A. S., Haney, M., Fischman, M. W., et al. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050358 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Inhibition of dopamine uptake by cocaine and nicotine: tolerance to chronic treatments
Izenwasser, S., & Cox, B. M. (1992) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90120-x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Rate of Intravenous Cocaine Administration Determines Susceptibility to Sensitization
Samaha, A., Li, Y., & Robinson, T. E. (2002) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-08-03244.2002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dependence potential and abuse liability of nicotine replacement therapies
Hughes, J. R. (1989) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/0753-3322(89)90185-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Agonist Medications for the Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder
Negus, S. S., & Henningfield, J. E. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.322 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Effects of extended-access self-administration and deprivation on breakpoints maintained by cocaine in rats
Liu, Y., Roberts, D. C. S., & Morgan, D. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-2089-y · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rats Self-Administer Intravenous Nicotine Delivered in a Novel Smoking-Relevant Procedure: Effects of Dopamine Antagonists
Sorge, R. E., & Clarke, P. B. S. (2009) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.109.154641 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
New Formulations of Stimulants for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Connor, D. F., & Steingard, R. J. (2004) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200418140-00005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Relationship between injection duration, transporter occupancy and reinforcing strength of cocaine
Woolverton, W. L., & Wang, Z. (2004) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.01.003 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Behavioral sensitization is induced by intravenous self-administration of cocaine by rats
Phillips, A. G., & Ciano, P. D. (1996) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02246669 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Amphetamine pretreatment accelerates the subsequent escalation of cocaine self-administration behavior
Ferrario, C. R., & Robinson, T. E. (2007) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.08.005 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effects of intermittent and continuous cocaine administration on dopamine release and uptake regulation in the striatum: in vitro voltammetric assessment
Jones, S. R., Wightman, R. M., Lee, T. H., et al. (1996) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02247384 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
D 1 dopamine receptor blockade prevents the facilitation of amphetamine self-administration induced by prior exposure to the drug
Pierre, P. J., & Vezina, P. (1998) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050658 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Rapid and Persistent Sensitization to the Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine
Morgan, D., Liu, Y., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300773 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychopharmacology in the Practice of Medicine
Cohen, S. (1977) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/s0033-3182(77)71052-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Route of cocaine administration
Ferri, C. P., & Gossop, M. (1999) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(99)00036-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Methamphetamine Dependence: A Closer Look at Treatment Response and Clinical Characteristics Associated with Route of Administration in Outpatient Treatment
Rawson, R. A., Gonzales, R. E., Marinelli‐Casey, P., & Ang, A. (2007) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1080/10550490701389864 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Drug Intake is Sufficient, but Conditioning is not Necessary for the Emergence of Compulsive Cocaine Seeking After Extended Self-Administration
Jonkman, S., Pelloux, Y., & Everitt, B. J. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Conflation of cocaine seeking and cocaine taking responses in IV self-administration experiments in rats: Methodological and interpretational considerations
Roberts, D. C. S., Gabriele, A., & Zimmer, B. A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.017 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citation
Frequency of Cocaine Self-Administration Influences Drug Seeking in the Rat: Optogenetic Evidence for a Role of the Prelimbic Cortex
Martín‐García, E., Courtin, J., Renault, P., Fiancette, J.-F., Wurtz, H., Simonnet, A., Levet, F., Herry, C., & Deroche‐Gamonet, V. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.66 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Breaking points on a progressive ratio schedule reinforced by intravenous apomorphine increase daily following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens
Roberts, D. C. S. (1989) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(89)90208-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citation
Differences in severity of heroin dependence by route of administration: the importance of length of heroin use
Barrio, G., de la Fuente, L., Lew, C., Royuela, L., Bravo, M. J., & Torrens, M. (2001) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00204-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse. The Biomedical Aspects.
(1975) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-83-2-291_2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Binge self-administration and deprivation produces sensitization to the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats
Morgan, D., Smith, M. A., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1992-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citation
Rats Markedly Escalate Their Intake and Show a Persistent Susceptibility to Reinstatement Only When Cocaine Is Injected Rapidly
Wakabayashi, K. T., Weiss, M. J., Pickup, K. N., & Robinson, T. E. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2524-10.2010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Intermittent Cocaine Self-Administration Produces Sensitization of Stimulant Effects at the Dopamine Transporter
Calipari, E. S., Ferris, M. J., Siciliano, C. A., Zimmer, B. A., & Jones, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.114.212993 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Relationship between minimum reinforcing doses and injection speed in cocaine and pentobarbital self-administration in crab-eating monkeys
Kato, S., Wakasa, Y., & Yanagita, T. (1987) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(87)90462-x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Behavioural Pharmacology and Neurobiology of Nicotine Reward and Dependence
Chiara, G. D. (2000) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57079-7_24 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Pharmacology of Cocaine Smoking in Humans
Jones, R. T. (1990) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e496372006-004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Intermittent nicotine exposure upregulates <scp>nAChR</scp>s in VTA dopamine neurons and sensitises locomotor responding to the drug
Baker, L. K., Mao, D., Chi, H., Govind, A. P., Vallejo, Y. F., Iacoviello, M., Herrera, S., Cortright, J. J., Green, W. N., McGehee, D. S., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12114 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Heroin snorters versus injectors: comparison on drug use and treatment outcome in age-matched samples
Carpenter, M. J., Chutuape, M. A., & Stitzer, M. L. (1998) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00103-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prevalence and risk factors of psychotic symptoms in cocaine-dependent patients.
Roncero, C., Ros‐Cucurull, E., Daigre, C., & Casas, M. (2012) · PubMed · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Recent discoveries in pharmacokinetics of drugs of abuse
Cone, E. J. (1998) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00292-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The rate of intravenous cocaine or amphetamine delivery does not influence drug-taking and drug-seeking behavior in rats
Crombag, H. S., Ferrario, C. M., & Robinson, T. G. (2008) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.06.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The rate of intravenous cocaine administration alters c-fos mRNA expression and the temporal dynamics of dopamine, but not glutamate, overflow in the striatum
Ferrario, C. R., Shou, M., Samaha, A., et al. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.081 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Speed of Cocaine Delivery Determines the Subsequent Motivation to Self-Administer the Drug
Minogianis, E.-A., Lévesque, D., & Samaha, A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.173 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
FREE-RUNNING RHYTHMS OF COCAINE SELF-ADMINISTRATION IN RATS HELD UNDER CONSTANT LIGHTING CONDITIONS
Bass, C. E., Jansen, H. T., & Roberts, D. C. S. (2010) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420521003664221 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
Brain temperature change and movement activation induced by intravenous cocaine delivered at various injection speeds in rats
Brown, P. L., & Kiyatkin, E. A. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-2244-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effect of rate of delivery of intravenous cocaine on self-administration in rats
Schindler, C. W., Panlilio, L. V., & Thorndike, E. B. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.05.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A handbook on drug and alcohol abuse; The biomedical aspects
Winger, E. B. G. (1993) · International Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0020-711x(93)90536-n · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The self-administration of rapidly delivered cocaine promotes increased motivation to take the drug: contributions of prior levels of operant responding and cocaine intake
Bouayad-Gervais, K., Minogianis, E.-A., Lévesque, D., & Samaha, A. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3576-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
Relationship between intravenous use and achieving initial cocaine abstinence.
Budney, A., Higgins, S. T., Bickel, W. K., & Kent, L. (1993) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)80006-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cocaine Sensitization Can Accelerate the Onset of Peak Cocaine Behavioral Effects
Carey, R. J. (1998) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00604-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Rapid delivery of cocaine facilitates acquisition of self-administration in rats: An effect masked by paired stimuli
Schindler, C. W., Cogan, E. S., Thorndike, E. B., & Panlilio, L. V. (2011) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Exposure to nicotine enhances its subsequent self-administration: Contribution of nicotine-associated contextual stimuli
Neugebauer, N. M., Cortright, J. J., Sampedro, G. R., & Vezina, P. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.035 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

Clementi, F., Fornasari, D., Gotti, C. (Eds.), Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Springer, Heidelberg.
O'Brien, C., 2001. Drug Addiction and Drug Dependence, Goodman and Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.

Sorted by citations

Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000059 · Cited by 1,440 · see citing works
Gambling Disorder
Potenza, M. N., Balodis, I. M., Derevensky, J., Grant, J. E., Petry, N. M., Verdejo-Garcia, A., & Yip, S. W. (2019) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-019-0099-7 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Improving translation of animal models of addiction and relapse by reverse translation
Venniro, M., Banks, M. L., Heilig, M., Epstein, D. H., & Shaham, Y. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-0378-z · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Dopamine Circuit Mechanisms of Addiction-Like Behaviors
Poisson, C. L., Engel, L., & Saunders, B. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.752420 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior
Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Individual decision-making in the causal pathway to addiction: contributions and limitations of rodent models
Ahmed, S. H. (2018) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A motivation model of sex addiction – Relevance to the controversy over the concept
Toates, F. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104872 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The addictive potential of a drug depends upon the speed with which it gets to the brain following taking it and the intermittency of use (Allain et al., 2015).”
Background
Adolescent nicotine exposure and persistent neurocircuitry changes: unveiling lifelong psychiatric risks
Reynolds, L. M., Faure, P., & Barik, J. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03110-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Different administration routes and/or nicotine doses can thus lead to signi ﬁ cant variability in reported ﬁ ndings, particularly as different administration routes are known to alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the same drug dose [153].”
Transient nicotine exposure in early adolescent male mice freezes their dopamine circuits in an immature state
Reynolds, L. M., Gulmez, A., Fayad, S. L., Campos, R. C., Rigoni, D., Nguyen, C., Le Borgne, T., Topilko, T., Rajot, D., Franco, C., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-53327-w · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Effects of Lisdexamfetamine, a Prodrug of D-Amphetamine, on Locomotion, Spatial Cognitive Processing and Neurochemical Profiles in Rats: A Comparison With Immediate-Release Amphetamine
Jian-min, C., Zhi-yuan, W., Shi-xuan, W., Rui, S., Ning, W., & Jin, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.885574 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Several studies have revealed that both cognitive enhancement and drug addiction are highly associated with pharmacokinetic properties (9, 10).”
Background

Authors: Allain, F., Minogianis, E.-A., Roberts, D. C. S., & Samaha, A.-N.
Affiliations: Université de Montréal (CA)
Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
Corresponding author: Samaha, Anne-Noël
ORCID: Allain, Florence
Minogianis, Ellie-Anna
Roberts, David C.S.
Samaha, Anne-Noël
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-09
Volume: 56
Pages: 166-179
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.012
OpenAlex: W832377604
Cited by: 192
References: 143
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 1.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Papyrus : Institutional Repository (Université de Montréal) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec (28988, 29651)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: pharmacokinetics, drug addiction, stimulant use disorder, drug motivation, neuroplasticity, animal models of addiction, neural adaptation
MeSH terms: Animals, Cocaine, Drug Administration Routes, Humans, Motivation, Behavior, Addictive, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Substance-Related Disorders

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How fast and how often: The pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks