Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Induces Apoptosis of Cerebellar Granule Cells via a ROS-dependent Protein Kinase C Signaling Pathway
Abstract
Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) have been widely used in a variety of industry and consumer products. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a prominent member of perfluoroalkyls, is known as a neurotoxicant in developing brain and affects behavior and motor activity. However, mechanism of neurotoxicity still remains unknown. In this study, we attempted to analyze apoptotic effects of PFOS on developing neuron. Cerebellar granule cells derived from 7-day old SD rats and grown in culture for additional 7 days were used to mimic postnatal day (PND)-14 conditions. PFOS exposure increased ROS production, which was blocked by ROS inhibitor, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). PFOS selectively induced dose-dependent translocations of PKC-α, -βII and -ɛ among PKC isozymes tested. The translocation of these specific PKC isozymes was blocked by NAC. A panel of different approaches was utilized to detect apoptotic effects. PFOS induced caspase-3 activity and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner, which were blocked by pretreatment of NAC. These apoptotic effects were further confirmed by TUNEL staining. Increases of caspase-3 activity and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation were dampened by the inhibition of PKC isozymes using siRNA technique. Taken together, our results suggest that PFOS may induce apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells via a ROS-mediated PKC signaling pathway. PKC signal transduction pathway is pivotal in learning and memory and apoptosis of neuronal cells is a critical event in neurotoxicity. Thus, this study may contribute to understand a new mechanistic aspect of PFOS-induced neurotoxicities.
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Although actin filament remodeling has only been demonstrated in response to PFOS exposure, several other in vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of PFOS, PFOA, and PFOSA to generate reactive oxygen species in neurons and astrocytes.
“Whereas this actin filament remodeling has only been demonstrated in response to PFOS exposure, several other in vitro studies have also demonstrated the ability of PFOS, PFOA, and PFOSA, to generate ROS in neurons and astrocytes (Lee et al., 2012; Reistad et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Li Z. et al., 2017).”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Lee et al., 2012
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- Authors
- Lee, H.-G., Lee, Y. J., & Yang, J.-H.
- Affiliations
- Daegu Catholic University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Yang, Jae-Ho
- Venue
- NeuroToxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 314-320
- ISSN
- 0161-813X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2063924260
- Cited by
- 97
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 8.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroToxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Anesthesia and Neurotoxicity Research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
- Keywords
- PFOS, neurotoxicity, apoptosis, cerebellar granule cells, reactive oxygen species, protein kinase C, PKC isoforms, caspase-3, N-acetylcysteine, postnatal development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Cerebellum, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Enzyme Activation, Fluorocarbons, Isoenzymes, Neurons, Protein Kinase C, Transfection, Signal Transduction, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species, Alkanesulfonic Acids, Oxidative Stress, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, In Situ Nick-End Labeling, Protein Transport, RNA Interference, Rats, Caspase 3, DNA Fragmentation
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