Sex-specific Enhanced Behavioral Toxicity Induced by Maternal Exposure to a Mixture of Low Dose Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Open accessAbstract
Humans are increasingly and consistently exposed to a variety of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), chemicals that have been linked to neurobehavioral disorders such as ADHD and autism. Many of such EDCs have been shown to adversely influence brain mesocorticolimbic systems raising the potential for cumulative toxicity. As such, understanding the effects of developmental exposure to mixtures of EDCs is critical to public health protection. Consequently, this study compared the effects of a mixture of four EDCs to their effects alone to examine potential for enhanced toxicity, using behavioral domains and paradigms known to be mediated by mesocorticolimbic circuits (fixed interval (FI) schedule controlled behavior, novel object recognition memory and locomotor activity) in offspring of pregnant mice that had been exposed to vehicle or relatively low doses of four EDCs, atrazine (ATR - 10mg/kg), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA - 0.1mg/kg), bisphenol-A (BPA - 50 μg/kg), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD - 0.25 μg/kg) alone or combined in a mixture (MIX), from gestational day 7 until weaning. EDC-treated males maintained significantly higher horizontal activity levels across three testing sessions, indicative of delayed habituation, whereas no effects were found in females. Statistically significant effects of MIX were seen in males, but not females, in the form of increased FI response rates, in contrast to reductions in response rate with ATR, BPA and TCDD, and reduced short term memory in the novel object recognition paradigm. MIX also reversed the typically lower neophobia levels of males compared to females. With respect to individual EDCs, TCDD produced notable increases in FI response rates in females, and PFOA significantly increased ambulatory locomotor activity in males. Collectively, these findings show the potential for enhanced behavioral effects of EDC mixtures in males and underscore the need for animal studies to fully investigate mixtures, including chemicals that converge on common physiological substrates to examine potential mechanisms of toxicity with full dose effect curves to assist in interpretations of relevant mechanisms.
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C57BL/6 mice gestationally exposed to 0.1 mg/kg/day PFOA from GD seven to weaning exhibited hyperactivity.
“The same hyperactivity was exhibited by C57BL/6 mice gestationally exposed to 0.1 mg/kg/day PFOA, from GD seven to weaning (Sobolewski et al., 2014).”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Sobolewski et al., 2014
The Methods (Developmental Exposure; page unavailable) describe C57BL/6 mice exposed to 0.1 mg/kg PFOA from gestational day 7 until weaning. The Results (Behavioral Testing; page unavailable) report increased locomotor activity and decreased resting time in PFOA-exposed males, but say significant locomotor changes occurred only in males. The claim omits that sex-specific limitation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Sobolewski et al., a hyperactive phenotype was only observed in PFOA-exposed male mice.
“a hyperactive phenotype was only observed in PFOA-exposed male mice”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Sobolewski et al., 2014
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes significantly increased hyperactivity in PFOA-exposed males. But the Locomotor Behavior results (page unavailable) also report increased horizontal movement in ATR-, TCDD-, and mixture-exposed males. Thus the finding was male-specific, but increased activity was not exclusive to the PFOA group. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Sobolewski et al., an increased FI response rate occurred only in TCDD-exposed female mice.
“an increased FI response rate occurred only in TCDD-exposed female mice (Sobolewski et al., 2014).”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Sobolewski et al., 2014
The Results (Behavioral Testing; page unavailable) report increased FI response rates in TCDD-exposed females, while TCDD-exposed males had reduced rates. But MIX-exposed males also had increased FI response rates, so the increase did not occur only in TCDD-exposed females. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Sobolewski et al., animals exposed individually to ATR, BPA, or TCDD experienced decreased response rates in the FI task, highlighting a potentially unique additive effect in mixture-exposed animals.
“animals exposed individually to three of the chemicals in the mixture (ATR, BPA, or TCDD) experienced decreased response rates in the FI task, highlighting a potentially unique additive effect in the mixture exposed animals (Sobolewski et al., 2014).”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Sobolewski et al., 2014
The Results (Behavioral Testing; page unavailable) report decreased FI response rates in male offspring exposed individually to ATR, BPA, or TCDD, while mixture-exposed males showed increased rates. The Discussion calls the mixture response a unique alteration, but does not establish that it was additive. The claim also omits the male-specific qualification. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn Sobolewski et al., only male mice exposed to the chemical mixture exhibited increased response rates in a fixed interval schedule of reward task, indicative of increased impulsivity.
“increased response rates in a fixed interval (FI) schedule of reward task, indicative of increased impulsivity (Sobolewski et al., 2014).”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Sobolewski et al., 2014
In Sobolewski et al., only male mice exposed to the chemical mixture exhibited significantly diminished short-term memory in a novel object recognition task.
“only male mice that were exposed to the chemical mixture exhibited significantly diminished short-term memory in a novel object recognition task”
From A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis of Impacts of Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances on the Brain and Behavior (2022) · cites this paper as Sobolewski et al., 2014
Developmental EDC exposure can lead to sex-specific changes in behavior.
“Developmental EDC exposure can also lead to sex-specific changes in behavior (Jacobsen et al., 2012; Kundakovic et al., 2013; Sobolewski et al., 2014; Williams et al., 2013).”
From The effects of prenatal PCBs on adult social behavior in rats (2015) · cites this paper as Sobolewski et al., 2014
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“In this study, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a mixture of these four chemicals, or each individually, from GD 7 to PND 1, and the neurodevelopment of their offspring was assessed in a behavioral battery (Sobolewski et al., 2014).”
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Gestational Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA): Alterations in Motor Related Behaviors
Goulding, D. R., White, S. S., McBride, S. J., Fenton, S. E., & Harry, G. J. (2017) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2016.11.008 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sobolewski, M., Conrad, K., Allen, J. L., Weston, H., Martin, K., Lawrence, B. P., & Cory-Slechta, D. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sobolewski, Marissa
- Venue
- NeuroToxicology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 45
- Pages
- 121-130
- ISSN
- 0161-813X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4387783
- OpenAlex
- W1987842240
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroToxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Center, University of Rochester
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES023260, R01ES017250, P30ES001247, T32ES007026)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- endocrine disruptors, chemical mixtures, developmental neurotoxicity, sex differences, mesocorticolimbic system, novel object recognition memory, locomotor activity, neophobia, atrazine, perfluorooctanoic acid, bisphenol A, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, maternal exposure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder
- MeSH terms
- Bisphenol A Compounds, Animals, Atrazine, Behavior, Animal, Benzhydryl Compounds, Caprylates, Dioxins, Drug Combinations, Female, Fluorocarbons, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Motor Activity, Phenols, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Reinforcement Schedule, Sex Factors, Recognition, Psychology, Mice, Endocrine Disruptors
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