Cited by 315Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors StudyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Habenula “Cholinergic” Neurons Corelease Glutamate and Acetylcholine and Activate Postsynaptic Neurons via Distinct Transmission Modes

Open access
Ren, Jing, Qin, Chang, Hu, Fei, Tan, Jie, Qiu, Li, Zhao, Shengli, Feng, Guoping, Luo, Minmin·2011·Neuron

Abstract

Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter, and the habenulo-interpeduncular projection is a major cholinergic pathway in the brain. To study the physiological properties of cholinergic transmission in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), we used a transgenic mouse line in which the light-gated cation channel ChannelRhodopsin-2 is selectively expressed in cholinergic neurons. Cholinergic axonal terminals were activated by light pulses, and postsynaptic responses were recorded from IPN neurons. Surprisingly, brief photostimulation produces fast excitatory postsynaptic currents that are mediated by ionotropic glutamate receptors, suggesting wired transmission of glutamate. By contrast, tetanic photostimulation generates slow inward currents that are largely mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, suggesting volume transmission of acetylcholine. Finally, vesicular transporters for glutamate and acetylcholine are coexpressed on the same axonal terminals in the IPN. These results strongly suggest that adult brain "cholinergic" neurons can corelease glutamate and acetylcholine, but these two neurotransmitters activate postsynaptic neurons via different transmission modes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.038

Cites

38 of 38 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The IPN receives massive cholinergic innervation from the MHb, with MHb cholinergic neurons coreleasing glutamate and providing the major source of glutamatergic input to the IPN.

    “The IPN receives massive cholinergic innervation from MHb (Ren et al. 2011), with MHb cholinergic neurons coreleasing glutamate and providing the major source of glutamatergic input to the IPN (Ren et al. 2011).”

    From Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Ren et al. 2011

  • Medial habenula axon terminals to the interpeduncular nucleus contain both vGluT1/2 and VAChT and cotransmit glutamate and Ach onto individual IPN neurons.

    “Axon terminals from mHb to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) contain both vGluT1/2 and VAChT and cotransmit both glutamate and Ach onto individual neurons in the IPN.56”
  • Many cholinergic neurons also contain vGluT1/2/3 coexpressed with Ach synthesis, packaging, and release machinery in the striatum, basal forebrain, and medial habenula.

    “However, many of these neurons also contain the vesicular glutamate transporters (vGluT1/2/3) that are coexpressed with molecular machinery for Ach synthesis, vesicular packaging, and release in multiple brain regions, including the striatum, basal forebrain, and medial habenula (mHb).22,56,57”
  • Immunogold EM and immunoprecipitation suggest that vGluT and VAChT co-package glutamate and ACh into the same synaptic vesicle in mHb-IPN and striatal cholinergic-to-SPN synapses.

    “Immunogold EM and immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that vGluT and VAChT co-package glutamate and ACh into the same synaptic vesicle in both mHb to IPN synapses and striatal cholinergic to medium spiny neuron synapses 21,22,56 (Figure 1A).”
  • At mHb-IPN synapses, AMPA and NMDA receptors are activated by single action potentials, but nicotinic Ach receptors are activated only slowly after prolonged 50 Hz 5 s stimulation, indicating different transmission modes for glutamate and Ach.

    “Although postsynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors are activated by single action potentials (APs) in the presynaptic axon, nicotinic Ach receptors (nAchRs) were only activated slowly following prolonged (50 Hz, 5 s) stimulation of inputs, indicating that glutamate and Ach have different transmission modes.56”

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ren, J., Qin, C., Hu, F., Tan, J., Qiu, L., Zhao, S., Feng, G., & Luo, M.
Affiliations
  • Beijing Normal University (CN)
  • Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
  • National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing (CN)
  • Duke Medical Center (US)
  • McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
Corresponding author
Luo, Minmin
Venue
Neuron
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2011-02
Volume
69
Issue
3
Pages
445-452
ISSN
0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2103498534
Cited by
315
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 26
FWCI
13.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Neuron (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Elsevier eBooks
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
habenula, interpeduncular nucleus, cholinergic neurons, corelease, glutamate, acetylcholine, volume transmission, ionotropic glutamate receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, channelrhodopsin-2, photostimulation, vesicular transporters
MeSH terms
Acetylcholine, Animals, Cholinergic Fibers, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Presynaptic Terminals, Glutamic Acid, Habenula, Mice, Synaptic Potentials

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review