Reversal of a Treatment-Resistant, Depression-Related Brain State with the Kv7 Channel Opener Retigabine
Open accessAbstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with increased vulnerability to diverse psychiatric conditions, including treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we assessed whether high fat diet (HFD) induced neuroinflammation may be suitable to model a treatment-resistant depressive-like brain state in mice. Male and female mice were fed a HFD for 18 weeks, followed by quantitation of glucose tolerance, inflammatory markers of brain tissue (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, Iba-1), neural excitability in the prelimbic cortex (PLC), as well as assessment of emotional reactivity and hedonic behavior in a battery of behavioral tests. In addition, we assessed the behavioral responsiveness of mice to fluoxetine, desipramine, ketamine, and the Kv7 channel opener and anticonvulsant retigabine. HFD exposure led to glucose intolerance and neuroinflammation in male mice, with similar but non-significant trends in females. Neuroinflammation of males was associated with anxious-depressive-like behavior and defects in working memory, along with neural hyperexcitability and increased I h currents of pyramidal cells in the PLC. The behavioral changes were largely resistant to chronic treatment with fluoxetine and desipramine, as well as ketamine. By contrast, retigabine (also known as ezogabine) normalized neural excitability and I h currents recorded from slices of HFD-treated animals and significantly ameliorated most of the behavioral impairments, without effects in control diet exposed animals. Thus, treatment resistant depressive-like brain states that are associated with chronic neuroinflammation may involve hyperexcitability of pyramidal neurons and may be effectively treated by retigabine.
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Kv7 openers consistently dampen hyperexcitability, promote stress resilience, and stabilize affective behavior across rodent paradigms.
“Kv7 openers consistently dampen hyperexcitability, promote stress resilience, and stabilize affective behavior across rodent paradigms.”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [253]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that retigabine reversed neuronal hyperexcitability and ameliorated behavioral changes in high-fat-diet-exposed male mice. The Results also describes a prior social-defeat model in which retigabine reversed altered neuronal properties, but this paper does not establish consistent effects across rodent paradigms or directly demonstrate stress resilience; retigabine failed to normalize some behavioral measures. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConverging data across serotonergic, hippocampal, and mesolimbic nodes indicate anxiolytic actions of Kv7 activation.
“Converging data across serotonergic, hippocampal, and mesolimbic nodes further indicate anxiolytic actions of Kv7 activation, consolidating a preclinical case for mood stabilization and relapse prevention through targeted M-current augmentation [245,247,253].”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [253]
The Results section (page unavailable) reports that the Kv7 opener retigabine improved anxiety-related behavior in high-fat-diet-exposed mice, supporting an anxiolytic-like effect in that model. It does not establish converging anxiolytic evidence across serotonergic, hippocampal, and mesolimbic nodes; the cited experiment examined a narrower condition. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdjunct retigabine amplifies ketamine's sustained benefits, linking intrinsic excitability control to durable antidepressant action.
“In the ventral hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA), pharmacologic activation or genetic upregulation of potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2 (Kcnq2) normalizes pathological firing and restores social interaction and anhedonia metrics; adjunct retigabine amplifies ketamine’s sustained benefits, linking intrinsic excitability control to durable antidepressant action [245,253”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [253]
The Discussion reports that retigabine reduced neuronal excitability and reversed behavioral alterations in high-fat-diet-exposed mice. It does not report adjunct treatment with ketamine: the Results say ketamine failed to reverse behavioral defects in most tests, while the Discussion says retigabine’s behavioral and excitability effects faded after treatment ended. The claimed amplification of sustained ketamine benefits is therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the ventral hippocampus and VTA, pharmacologic activation or genetic upregulation of Kcnq2 normalizes pathological firing and restores social interaction and anhedonia metrics.
“In the ventral hippocampus and ventral tegmental area (VTA), pharmacologic activation or genetic upregulation of potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 2 (Kcnq2) normalizes pathological firing and restores social interaction and anhedonia metrics; adjunct retigabine amplifies ketamine’s sustained benefits, linking intrinsic excitability control to durable antidepressant action [245,253”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [253]
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that retigabine normalized neuronal excitability and improved several behavioral measures in high-fat-diet-exposed mice. But the neurons studied were in the prelimbic cortex, not the ventral hippocampus or VTA; the paper does not report genetic Kcnq2 upregulation, and retigabine did not normalize the test discussed as a possible anhedonia measure. It also does not show that adjunct retigabine extends ketamine’s benefits. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRetigabine and related ligands shift channel activation toward more negative potentials, increase resting conductance, and suppress burst firing, translating into antidepressant-like and mood-stabilizing effects after chronic social defeat and other stressors.
“Retigabine and related ligands shift channel activation toward more negative potentials, increase resting conductance, and suppress burst firing, which translates into robust antidepressant-like and mood-stabilizing effects after chronic social defeat and other stressors [245,252,253].”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [253]
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Chronic ezogabine is associated with dose-dependent dizziness, somnolence, confusion, urinary retention, and blue or purple pigmentation of retina, nails, and skin due to drug and metabolite accumulation in melanin-rich tissues.
“Chronic ezogabine is associated with dose dependent dizziness, somnolence, confusion, urinary retention, and, most notably, blue or purple pigmentation of retina, nails, and skin due to drug and metabolite accumulation in melanin rich tissues [253,258,262].”
From Synaptic Plasticity—Intrinsic Excitability and Antidepressant Discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [253]
The Discussion (page not provided) says retigabine production was discontinued because of unspecified unwanted side effects. Our copy does not identify dizziness, somnolence, confusion, urinary retention, pigmentation, dose dependence, or accumulation in melanin-rich tissues; searches for those effects and mechanisms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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- Authors
- Feng, M., Crowley, N. A., Patel, A., Guo, Y., Bugni, S. E., & Luscher, B.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-05
- Volume
- 406
- Pages
- 109-125
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6511483
- OpenAlex
- W2922157934
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH099851)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (T32AI074551)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, retigabine, neuroinflammation, high-fat diet, prelimbic cortex, neuronal excitability, Ih current, pyramidal neurons, impaired glucose tolerance, working memory, desipramine, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anticonvulsants, Brain, Carbamates, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Organ Culture Techniques, Phenylenediamines, Mice, KCNQ1 Potassium Channel, Diet, High-Fat, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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