Chronic stress modulates the use of spatial and stimulus-response learning strategies in mice and man
Abstract
Acute stress modulates multiple memory systems in favor of caudate nucleus-dependent stimulus-response and at the expense of hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory. We examined in mice and humans whether chronic stress has similar consequences. Male C57BL/6J mice that had been repeatedly exposed to rats ("rat stress") used in a circular hole board task significantly more often a stimulus-response strategy (33%) than control mice (0%). While velocity was increased, differences in latency to exit hole, distance moved or number of holes visited were not observed. Increased velocity and performance during retention trials one day later indicates altered emotionality and motivation to explore in rat stressed mice. Forty healthy young men and women were split into "high chronic stress" and "low chronic stress" groups based on their answers in a chronic stress questionnaire ("Trier Inventory of Chronic Stress"-TICS) and trained in a 2D task. A test trial immediately after training revealed that participants of the "high chronic stress" group used the S-R strategy significantly more often (94%) than participants of the "low chronic stress" group (52%). Verbal self-reports confirmed the strategy derived from participants' choice in the test trial. Learning performance was unaffected by the chronic stress level. We conclude that one consequence of chronic stress is the shift to more rigid stimulus-response learning, that is accompanied by changes in motivational factors in mice.
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Chronic stress tips the balance of behavioral control towards habit.
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From A dual-pathway architecture for stress to disrupt agency and promote habit (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
After chronic stress, people become less able to adapt their behavior when its outcome has been devalued.
“Indeed, after chronic stress, people become less able to adapt their behavior when its outcome has been devalued1–5.”
From A dual-pathway architecture for stress to disrupt agency and promote habit (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
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- Authors
- Schwabe, L., Dalm, S., Schächinger, H., & Oitzl, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Schwabe, Lars
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 495-503
- ISSN
- 1074-7427 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122712485
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 6.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (GRK 1389/1)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (DN 95-420)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- chronic stress, spatial learning, stimulus-response learning, learning strategies, hippocampal-dependent memory, caudate nucleus, motivation, emotionality
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Association Learning, Caudate Nucleus, Chronic Disease, Discrimination Learning, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Retention, Psychology, Self-Assessment, Spatial Behavior, Stress, Psychological, Chi-Square Distribution, Mice, Rats, Young Adult
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