Human gut microbiome composition and tryptophan metabolites were changed differently by fast food and Mediterranean diet in 4 days: a pilot study
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Diets rich in animal source foods vs plant-based diets have different macronutrient composition, and they have been shown to have differential effects on the gut microbiome. In this study, we hypothesized that diets with very different nutrient composition are able to change gut microbiome composition and metabolites in a very short period. We compared a fast food (FF) diet (ie, burgers and fries) with a Mediterranean (Med) diet, which is rich in vegetables, whole grains, olive oil, nuts, and fish. Ten healthy subjects participated in a controlled crossover study in which they consumed a Med diet and FF diet in randomized order for 4 days each, with a 4-day washout between treatments. Fecal DNA was extracted and the 16S V4 region amplified using polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq. Plasma metabolites and bile acids were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Certain bile-tolerant microbial genera and species including Collinsella, Parabacteroides, and Bilophila wadsworthia significantly increased after the FF diet. Some fiber-fermenting bacteria, including Lachnospiraceae and Butyricicoccus, increased significantly after the Med diet and decreased after the FF diet. Bacterially produced metabolites indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-propionic acid, which have been shown to confer beneficial effects on neuronal cells, increased after the Med diet and decreased after the FF diet. Interindividual variability in response to the treatments may be related to differences in background diet, for example as shown by differences in Bilophila response in relationship to the saturated fat content of the baseline diet. In conclusion, an animal fat-rich, low-fiber FF diet v. a high-fiber Med diet altered human gut microbiome composition and its metabolites after just 4 days.
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A small pilot crossover study in humans showed a detrimental impact on the gut microbiota and associated metabolites within 4 days of adopting a Western-style diet, with increases in bile-tolerant microbes, including Collinsella, Parabacteroides, and B. wadsworthia, as well as increases in TMAO and decreases in indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-propionic acid.
“More recently, a small pilot crossover study in humans showed a detrimental impact on the gut microbiota and associated metabolites within 4 d of adopting a Westernstyle diet, with increases in bile-tolerant microbes, including Collinsella, Parabacteroides, and B. wadsworthia, as well as increases in TMAO and decreases in the metabolites indole-3-lactic acid and indole-3-propionic acid (205).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [205]
In a recent pilot study, consumption of a Mediterranean and fast-food diet differentially affected tryptophan metabolites in humans.
“A direct effect of diet on tryptophan metabolites in humans was demonstrated in a recent pilot study, in which consumption of a Mediterranean and fastfood diet differentially affected tryptophan metabolites ( 205).”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [205]
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McLeod, A., Bernabé, B. P., Xia, Y., Sanchez-Flack, J., Lamar, M., Schiffer, L. A., Hemphill, N. O., Fantuzzi, G., Maki, P. M., Fitzgibbon, M., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153332 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zhu, C., Sawrey-Kubicek, L., Beals, E., Rhodes, C. H., Houts, H. E., Sacchi, R., & Zivkovic, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zivkovic, Angela M.
- Venue
- Nutrition Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 77
- Pages
- 62-72
- ISSN
- 0271-5317 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3013916601
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 6.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrition Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolites, fast food diet, Mediterranean diet, short-term dietary intervention, bile acids, Collinsella, Parabacteroides, Bilophila wadsworthia, Lachnospiraceae, Butyricicoccus, indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-propionic acid, saturated fat, interindividual variability
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adolescent, Adult, Bacteria, Bile Acids and Salts, Biogenic Amines, Diet, Feces, Humans, Phylogeny, Pilot Projects, Tryptophan, Cross-Over Studies, Diet, Mediterranean, Young Adult, Fast Foods
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