Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans

Gorissen, Stefan HM; Trommelen, Jorn; Kouw, Imre WK; Kouw, Imre WK; Pennings, Bart; Pennings, Bart; Wall, Benjamin T; Churchward-Venne, Tyler A; Horstman, Astrid MH; Koopman, René; Burd, Nicholas A; Fuchs, Cas J; Dirks, Marlou L; Res, Peter T; Senden, Joan MG; Steijns, Jan MJM; de Groot, Lisette CPGM; Verdijk, Lex B; van Loon, Luc JC

doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa024

Cited by 131Muscle metabolism and nutritionProtein Hydrolysis and Bioactive PeptidesAnimal Nutrition and Physiology

Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans

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Gorissen, Stefan HM, Trommelen, Jorn, Kouw, Imre WK, Kouw, Imre WK, Pennings, Bart, Pennings, Bart, Wall, Benjamin T, Churchward-Venne, Tyler A +11 more·2020·The Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa024PMC PMC7398787

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dietary protein ingestion stimulates muscle protein synthesis by providing amino acids to the muscle. The magnitude and duration of the postprandial increase in muscle protein synthesis rates are largely determined by dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the impact of protein type, protein dose, and age on dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics in vivo in humans. METHODS: We included data from 18 randomized controlled trials with a total of 602 participants [age: 53 ± 23 y; BMI (kg/m2): 24.8 ± 3.3] who consumed various quantities of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine-labeled whey (n = 137), casein (n = 393), or milk (n = 72) protein and received intravenous infusions of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine, which allowed us to assess protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and the postprandial release of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine into the circulation. The effect of aging on these processes was assessed in a subset of 82 young (aged 22 ± 3 y) and 83 older (aged 71 ± 5 y) individuals. RESULTS: A total of 50% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appeared in the circulation over a 5-h postprandial period. Casein ingestion resulted in a smaller (45% ± 11%), whey protein ingestion in an intermediate (57% ± 10%), and milk protein ingestion in a greater (65% ± 13%) fraction of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation (P < 0.001). The postprandial availability of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine in the circulation increased with the ingestion of greater protein doses (P < 0.05). Protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics were attenuated in older when compared with young individuals, with 45% ± 10% vs. 51% ± 14% of dietary protein-derived phenylalanine appearing in the circulation, respectively (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability in vivo in humans. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557388, NCT00936039, NCT00991523, NCT01317511, NCT01473576, NCT01576848, NCT01578590, NCT01615276, NCT01680146, NCT01820975, NCT01986842, and NCT02596542, and at http://www.trialregister.nl as NTR3638, NTR3885, NTR4060, NTR4429, and NTR4492.

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Approximately 65%, 57%, and 45% of the protein from milk, whey, and casein becomes available in the circulation, respectively, over a 5-hour or longer postprandial period.
“To illustrate these concepts, Gorissen et al. [72] collated multiple studies using intrinsically labeled milk proteins and demonstrated that ∼65%, 57%, and 45% of the protein from milk, whey, and casein becomes available in the circulation, respectively, over a ≥ 5-h postprandial period.”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [72]

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“The digestion of ingested protein is influenced by the capacity of the digestive system (Gorissen et al. 2020) and has consequences for subsequent amino acid absorption, splanchnic retention, muscle perfusion, amino acid uptake in muscle and ultimately activation of muscle protein synthesis.”
Influential

Improving the structure and rheology of high protein, low fat yoghurt with undenatured whey proteins
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The effect of protein profile and preheating on denaturation of whey proteins and development of viscosity in milk protein beverages during heat treatment
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Effect of heat treatment on reducibility of milk protein
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Authors: Gorissen, S. H., Trommelen, J., Kouw, I. W., Kouw, I. W., Pennings, B., Pennings, B., Wall, B. T., Churchward-Venne, T. A., Horstman, A. M., Koopman, R., Burd, N. A., Fuchs, C. J., Dirks, M. L., Res, P. T., Senden, J. M., Steijns, J. M., de Groot, L. C., Verdijk, L. B., & van Loon, L. J.
Affiliations: Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
FrieslandCampina (Netherlands) (NL)
ORCID: Gorissen, Stefan HM
Trommelen, Jorn
Wall, Benjamin T
Horstman, Astrid MH
Koopman, René
Burd, Nicholas A
Fuchs, Cas J
Dirks, Marlou L
Senden, Joan MG
Verdijk, Lex B
Venue: The Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2020-08
Volume: 150
Issue: 8
Pages: 2041-2050
ISSN: 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa024
PMC: PMC7398787
OpenAlex: W3008473611
Cited by: 131
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11
FWCI: 1.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
VUBIR (Vrije Universiteit Brussel) (submittedVersion)
Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Top Institute Food and Nutrition
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Hydrolysis and Bioactive Peptides
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
Keywords: dietary protein digestion, whey protein, casein, milk protein, protein dose, aging, muscle protein synthesis, older adults
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aging, Biological Transport, Dietary Proteins, Digestion, Female, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Male, Middle Aged, Phenylalanine

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Protein type, protein dose, and age modulate dietary protein digestion and phenylalanine absorption kinetics and plasma phenylalanine availability in humans

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