The Indirect Effect of Positive Affect in the Relationship Between Trait Mindfulness and Emotion Dysregulation
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness is correlated with better emotion regulation and mindfulness training improves emotion regulation; however, mechanisms of these effects have not been widely studied. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the indirect effect of greater mindfulness on fewer emotion regulation difficulties through positive affect. Participants were 219 undergraduate students (M age =19.20; 70.5% female; 91.5% Caucasian) who completed self-report measures for course credit. Results indicated a significant direct effect of mindfulness on emotion dysregulation (b = -1.71, t = -6.94, p < .001) and significant indirect effect of greater mindfulness on fewer emotion regulation problems through higher levels of positive affect (indirect effect =-0.50; SE = 0.13; 95% CI = -0.80 to -0.28). These results help to generate testable hypotheses for future mechanistic research in this area by suggesting that one way trait mindfulness may protect against emotion dysregulation could be by cultivating positive affect. Future research using longitudinal designs is needed to explore positive affect as a causal mechanism.
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The positive effects of mindfulness may occur through increased attention control, emotion regulation abilities, and self-awareness.
“Several papers suggest that the positive effects of mindfulness may occur through increased attention control, emotion regulation abilities, and self-awareness, which are associated with improved self-regulation skills [37,38,39,40,41].”
From Being in the moment so you can keep moving forward: Mindfulness and rumination mediate the relationship between attachment orientations and negative conflict styles (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
The Introduction links trait mindfulness to fewer emotion-regulation difficulties, and the Methods describe attention regulation and awareness as aspects of the mindfulness measure. But the paper does not establish that increased attention control or self-awareness mediates mindfulness’s benefits; its proposed mechanism is positive affect (Introduction and Discussion). Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“Mindfulness has been associated with many positive psychological outcomes, and is thought to buffer against emotionally dysregulated states (McLaughlin et al., 2019), including NSSI (Garisch & Wilson, 2015; Yusainy & Lawrence, 2014).”
Mindfulness-based Interventions for Emotional Dysregulation in Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Sharma, N., Agrawal, M., Rushi, Ayyub, S., & Rai, D. (2025) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531251355311 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Shafie, S. A. M., Goh, W. C., & Leong, L. V. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13021056 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dolan, M., Slavish, D. C., Weiss, N. H., & Contractor, A. A. (2023) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001631 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…H affect is related to numerous health benefits such as improved physical health and healthy behaviors (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Steptoe et al., 2009), less emotion dysregulation (McLaughlin et al., 2019), less PTSD symptom severity (Etter et al., 2013), and improved sleep (Ong et al., 2017).”
BackgroundChua, Y. J., Hartanto, A., & Majeed, N. M. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113044 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These results diverged from Study 1's findings and were consistent with findings from previous cross-sectional studies on trait mindfulness, positive affect, negative affect and everyday cognitive failure (e.g., Chadwick et al., 2008; Jankowski & B ą k, 2019; McLaughlin et al., 2019).”
Huang, H., Wu, H., Luo, L., Jiao, B., Wu, Y., Zou, G., Lin, J., Wang, W., & Ma, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1538390 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An experimental test of the effects of acute sleep deprivation on affect and avoidance
Campbell, R. L., Feldner, M. T., & Leen‐Feldner, E. W. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101770 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wan, A. H. Y., Ho, R., Yau, J. C. Y., & Yau, E. F. K. (2023) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000001288 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Burrows, B., Abellera, C., & Markowitz, E. M. (2023) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change · doi:10.1002/wcc.837 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Here, mindfulness has been empirically linked with stronger motivations to take climate adaptation actions, potentially due to its ability to help individuals focus on the present form of engagement as well as enhance the perception of self-efficacy and emotion regulation (Butts et al., 2019; McLaughlin et al., 2019;…”
BackgroundHe, H., Zhao, L., & Liu, B. (2025) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/jocb.70002 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Chen, J., Liu, X., Lin, X., Sun, Y., Wang, N., Wang, J., & Luo, F. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02964-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A high level of mindfulness has been associated with more positive emotions in both clinical and non-clinical groups (Du et al., 2019; McLaughlin et al., 2019).”
Shrier, L. A., & Harris, S. K. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hasan, M. B., & Uddin, M. K. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06010-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Several studies establish that the mechanisms of the relationship between emotion regulation and mind-fulness are still not understood entirely (Teper et al., 2013; McLaughlin et al., 2019).”
The Role of Age in the Relationship between Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation in Adults
Yuniar, Y., Boediman, L. M., & Mansoer, W. W. D. (2024) · Jurnal Sains Psikologi · doi:10.17977/um023v13i12024p19-27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Socioemotional Competences among University Students
Rodríguez, F. M. M., & Rodríguez, A. M. M. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1000221 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Tahap Emosi Pelajar PSMZA Menghadapi Pembelajaran Online
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Tamašauskienė, G., & Kairys, A. (2024) · Psichologija · doi:10.15388/psichol.2024.70.4
Lorenzi, C., de Jong, D. C., & Faulkenberry, R. S. (2024) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes5030020
Feng, G., Xu, X., Wu, J., Ye, Y., & Wang, C. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08852-2
“This finding can explain, to some extent, why prior studies proposed that high levels of mindfulness are related to positive emotional experiences (Du et al., 2019 ; McLaughlin et al., 2019 ).”
CHEN, W., Zhou, Y., Wang, M., Liu, Y., Xie, X., Yang, Q., Shao, J., Liu, F., & Wang, W. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106950
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- Authors
- McLaughlin, L. E., Luberto, C. M., O'Bryan, E. M., Kraemer, K. M., & McLeish, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Temple University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- University of Louisville (US)
- Corresponding author
- McLeish, Alison C.
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 145
- Pages
- 70-74
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8221243
- OpenAlex
- W2934589929
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2T32AT000051-6)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- trait mindfulness, emotional dysregulation, positive affect, emotion regulation, mediation, mindfulness training, undergraduate students
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