Acute-alcohol effects on the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT) and a question-based measure of delay discounting
Abstract
Alcohol is widely believed to increase impulsive behavior. However, this has been difficult to demonstrate for impulsive choice using existing measures of delay discounting. We hypothesized a new real-time discounting task would be more sensitive to acute effects of alcohol. Measures included were a (a) question-based measure of delay discounting, the (b) Experiential Discounting Task (EDT), the (c) Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), the (d) Stop Task, and the (e) Go/No-Go Task. A three-session, double-blind, placebo-controlled, within-subjects design was used. Placebo, 0.4, or 0.8 g/kg alcohol doses were administered in a counterbalanced order over the three testing sessions. Twenty four (13 females) healthy social drinkers between the ages of 21 and 35 participated. Alcohol increased impulsive responding only on the EDT and the Stop Task. On the EDT, participants performed more impulsively after the 0.8 g/kg dose compared to placebo, whereas on the Stop Task, both the 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg doses increased impulsive responding. Alcohol had no significant effects on the other measures. The EDT was more sensitive to the acute effects of alcohol than previously used discounting tasks. Procedural differences between the EDT and question-based measures are discussed in the context of these divergent findings.
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Discrepancies in acute alcohol effects are likely due to procedural differences among studies.
“These discrepancies are likely due to procedural differences among the studies (see Reynolds et al., 2006)”
From Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence (2012) · cites this paper as Reynolds et al., 2006
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McCarthy, D. M., Niculete, M. E., Padovano, H. T., Morris, D. H., & Bartholow, B. D. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03974.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Wardle, M. C., Marcus, B. A., & de Wit, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140501 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“7g/kg for women, to adjust for sex differences in total body water)[44] because this dose has been safely used in many previous alcohol studies [45, 46].”
MethodHuman Laboratory Paradigms in Alcohol Research
Plebani, J. G., Ray, L. A., Morean, M. E., Corbin, W. R., MacKillop, J. M., Amlung, M. T., & King, A. C. (2012) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01704.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
King, K. M., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Dager, A. D., Thimm, K., & Gates, J. R. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-013-0005-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Delay discounting in adults receiving treatment for marijuana dependence.
Peters, E. N., Petry, N. M., LaPaglia, D. M., Reynolds, B. A., & Carroll, K. M. (2012) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0030943 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“2008; 16:124– 131.10.1037/1064-1297.16.2.124 [PubMed: 18489016] Reynolds B, Richards JB, de Wit H. Acute-alcohol effects on the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT) and a question-based measure of delay discounting.”
BackgroundInfluentialBarrus, M. M., Hosking, J. G., Zeeb, F. D., Tremblay, M., & Winstanley, C. A. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140045 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Acute alcohol effects on subtypes of impulsivity and the role of alcohol-outcome expectancies
Caswell, A. J., Morgan, M. J., & Duka, T. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3079-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Test–retest reliability and construct validity of the Experiential Discounting Task.
Smits, R. R., Stein, J. S., Johnson, P. S., Odum, A. L., & Madden, G. J. (2013) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0031725 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“When combined with past studies showing that discounting in the EDT is uncorrelated with discounting in a DDT (Krishnan-Sarin et al., 2007; Melanko et al., 2009; Paloyelis et al., 2010; Reynolds et al., 2006; Shiels et al., 2009), the consensus of the evidence suggests that the EDT measures a different construct than…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReed, D. D., Naudé, G. P., Gelino, B. W., & Amlung, M. T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.011 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sexual discounting: A systematic review of discounting processes and sexual behavior.
Johnson, M. W., Strickland, J. C., Herrmann, E. S., Dolan, S. B., Cox, D. J., & Berry, M. S. (2020) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000402 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Prevention and Treatment of Gambling Disorders: Some Art, Some Science
Derevensky, J. L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.024 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Biphasic effects of alcohol on delay and probability discounting.
Bidwell, L. C., MacKillop, J. M., Murphy, J. G., Grenga, A. M., Swift, R. M., & McGeary, J. E. (2013) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0032284 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Considering the Overlap and Nonoverlap of Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Addiction
Blum, A. W., & Grant, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.038 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neurobiological Foundations of Behavioral Addictions
Vaccaro, A. G., & Potenza, M. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Substance Addictions
Christie, N. C., & Bechara, A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.015 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sensitization of Incentive Salience and the Transition to Addiction
Warlow, S. M., Baumgartner, H. M., Freeland, C. M., Naffziger, E. E., Olney, J. J., Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mejía-Toiber, J., Boutros, N., Markou, A., & Semenova, S. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.019 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Acute alcohol intoxication decreased impulsive choice in healthy undergraduate students [13], but increased impulsive choice in healthy adults [14] and non-dependent alcohol drinkers in a laboratory [15, 16] or bar setting [17] suggesting age-dependent effects of acute ethanol on impulsive choice.”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Interventions Applied to Addiction Treatments
Kechter, A., & Black, D. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.040 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Multiple Memory Systems, Addiction, and Health Habits: New Routes for Translational Science
Stacy, A. W., Pike, J. R., & Lee, A. Y. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Tanning as an Addiction: The State of the Research and Implications for Intervention
Miller, K. A., & Mays, D. M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.037 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Schulte, E. M., Schiestl, E. T., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.035 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The ‘check effect’ reconsidered
Rosen, M. I. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03409.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Christiansen, P., Rose, A. K., Cole, J. C., & Field, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112450787 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Likewise, impulsive decision making, as assessed by non-experiential delay discounting, seems largely unaffected by priming doses of alcohol (e.g. Reynolds et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodZacny, J. P., & de Wit, H. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.07.010 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The same problem of possible insensitivity to the effects of acute drug administration may exist with the BART (Acheson et al., 2006; Hamidovic et al., 2008; Reynolds et al., 2004; Reynolds et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavioral Economics and Addictive Disorders
Jarmolowicz, D. P., & Schneider, T. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Galimov, A., & Black, D. W. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.027 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Blum, K., Roy, A. K., Podesta, A., Modestino, E. J., Steinberg, B., Gondré-Lewis, M. C., Baron, D. A., Thanos, P. K., Lott, L., Badgaiyan, S., et al. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.031 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Prevention and Treatment of “Food Addiction”
Davis, C., & Mason, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.023 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Human Neurobiological Approaches to Hedonically Motivated Behaviors
Burger, K. S., Shearrer, G. E., & Sadler, J. R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.009 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Feedback Models for Gambling Control: The Use and Efficacy of Online Responsible Gambling Tools
Griffiths, M. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.034 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Melanko, S., Leraas, K., Collins, C., Fields, S. A., & Reynolds, B. A. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0016461 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Day, A. M., Celio, M. A., Lisman, S. A., Johansen, G. E., & SPEAR, L. P. (2013) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.635 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fernie, G., Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., Rose, A. K., & Field, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111434621 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Effects of acute alcohol on delay discounting have been very inconsistent in previous studies (Dougherty et al., 2008; Ortner et al., 2003; Reynolds et al., 2006; Richards et al., 1999).”
ResultQuantifying Reinforcement Value and Demand for Psychoactive Substances in Humans
Heinz, A. J., Lilje, T. C., Kassel, J. D., & de Wit, H. (2012) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/1874473711205040002 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The EDT is sensitive to sleep-deprivation [91], acute effects of alcohol consumption [92] and cigarette smoking status [Smokers vs Non-smokers; 93].”
BackgroundAlcohol-induced risk taking on the BART mediates alcohol priming
Rose, A. K., Jones, A., Clarke, N., & Christiansen, P. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3377-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Although Reynolds et al. (2006) study may have been under-sampled we also acknowledge that our large sample allowed identification of a range of small–large effects.”
BackgroundResultArcher, C. M., Jiang, X., Thurston, I. B., & Floyd, R. G. (2019) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-019-9628-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Leeman, R. F., Rowland, B. H. P., Gebru, N. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0129 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) in Alcohol Research
Canning, J. R., Schallert, M., & Larimer, M. E. (2021) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agab004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“In contrast, many experimental studies failed to find differences in BART scores within-individuals at least after consuming alcohol (Erskine-Shaw et al., 2017; Euser et al., 2011; Lee and Yun, 2014; Peacock et al., 2013; Ravenzwaaij et al., 2011; Reed et al., 2012; Reynolds et al., 2006).”
ResultThe future is risky: Discounting of delayed and uncertain outcomes
Blackburn, M., & El‐Deredy, W. (2012) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2012.11.005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wray, T. B., Simons, J. S., & Maisto, S. A. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.037 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“However, we found no relationship between intoxication and EDT scores, failing to replicate past findings (Reynolds et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultDelay discounting predicts increase in blood alcohol level in social drinkers
Moore, S., & Cusens, B. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.024 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“evidence also suggests that intoxication can lead to increased impulsivity on some measures (Reynolds et al., 2006) but may lead to more cautious decision making using different measures (Ortner et al.”
BackgroundStaples, M. C., & Mandyam, C. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00162 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Behavioral Economic Decision Making and Alcohol-related Sexual Risk Behavior
MacKillop, J. M., Celio, M. A., Mastroleo, N. R., Kahler, C. W., Operario, D., Colby, S. M., Barnett, N. P., & Monti, P. M. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0909-6 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Acute effects of alcohol on social and personal decision making
Karlsson, H., Persson, E., Perini, I., Yngve, A., Heilig, M. A., & Tinghög, G. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01218-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Similarly, waiting impulsivity has been found to increase [19] or decrease [16] following alcohol intake, but the majority of studies have found mixed or no effects [10, 11, 14, 15, 17].”
BackgroundInfluentialLow-Dose Alcohol Effects on Measures of Inhibitory Control, Delay Discounting, and Risk-Taking
Weafer, J. J., & Fillmore, M. T. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0086-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Alcohol effects on response inhibition: Variability across tasks and individuals.
Bartholow, B. D., Fleming, K. A., Wood, P. K., Cowan, N., Saults, J. S., Altamirano, L. J., Miyake, A., Martins, J. S., & Sher, K. J. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000190 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…and Beste (2016); Tiplady, Oshinowo, Thomson, and Drummond (2009); Tsujii, Sakatani, Nakashima, Igarashi, and Katayama (2011). c Domingues, Mendonça, Laranjeira, and Nakamura-Palacios (2009); Ortner, MacDonald, and Olmstead (2003); Reynolds, Richards, and de Wit (2006); Rose and Duka (2007, 2008).”
Corazzini, L., Filippin, A., & Vanin, P. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121530 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“For instance, [39] use the Experiential Discounting Task (EDT) to elicit time preferences, where choices are delayed by a few seconds only and are diluted by a probabilistic component because later rewards are uncertain.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTonnaer, F., Cima, M., & Arntz, A. (2016) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000485 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…about the consequences (Field, 1986) and is in the literature defined as the inability to delay gratification when tolerance results in a less risky outcome (Rachlin, 1974; Reynolds et al., 2006b) and the tendency to engage in spontaneous behavior, restlessness, and impatience (Field, 1986).”
BackgroundResultTomás, M. T. C., Costa, J. A. G., Sellés, P. M., & Mahía, F. C. (2014) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.15 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bayless, D. W., & Daniel, J. M. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.029 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…indicate that males are more impulsive than are females (Kirby and Marakovic, 1996; Rosenblitt et al., 2001; Whiteside and Lynam, 2003; Fillmore and Weafer, 2004; Skinner et al., 2004; Heyman and Gibb, 2006; Reynolds et al., 2006; Li-Grining, 2007; Van et al., 2008; Moilanen et al., 2009).”
Peña‐Oliver, Y., Sanchez‐Roige, S., Stephens, D., & Ripley, T. L. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3416-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Deciding when to “cash in” when outcomes are continuously improving: An escalating interest task
Young, M. E., Webb, T. L., & Jacobs, E. A. (2011) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2011.08.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In this experiment we used two new measures of impulsivity commonly used in the literature, a behavioral inhibition task and the BIS (e.g., Acheson, Reynolds et al., 2006; Dougherty et al., 2009; Swann et al., 2002), and dropped the FTND and the delay discounting task used in Experiment 1.”
BackgroundMethodAltered experiential, but not hypothetical, delay discounting in schizophrenia.
Horan, W. P., Johnson, M. W., & Green, M. F. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000249 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Diminished discounting on this and similar experiential tasks has been reported in other clinical populations, including cocaine dependence, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and smokers (M. W. Johnson, 2012; Reynolds, 2006a; Rosch & Mostofsky, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Reynolds, B., Richards, J. B., & de Wit, H.
- Affiliations
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 194-202
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2065092312
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- acute alcohol effects, delay discounting, impulsivity, impulsive responding, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, stop-signal task, go/no-go task, social drinkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ethanol, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Task Performance and Analysis
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