Circadian rhythm of wrist temperature in normal-living subjects
Abstract
Most circadian rhythms are under the control of a major pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. Some of these rhythms, called marker rhythms, serve to characterize the timing of the internal temporal order. A marker rhythm, (e.g., one used in chronotherapy) has to be periodic and easy to measure over long periods using non-invasive methods. The most frequent reference variables for human chronotherapy include salivary melatonin or cortisol, urinary 6-sulfatoximelatonin, actimetry and core body temperature (CBT). Recent evidence suggests that sleepiness may be more closely linked to increased peripheral skin temperature than to a core temperature drop, and that distal skin temperature seems to be correlated and phase-advanced with respect to CBT, suggesting that heat loss from the extremities may drive the circadian CBT rhythm. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the wrist skin temperature rhythm could be used as a possible index of the human circadian system. To this end, wrist skin temperature (WT1), as determined by a wireless data logger in healthy normal living subjects, was correlated with sleep-wake diaries and oral temperature (OT) recordings. WT and sleep habits were studied in 99 university students. Each subject wore a wireless iButton sensor attached to the inner side of a sport wristband. Our results show that the WT rhythm exhibits an inverse phase relationship with OT, and it is phase-advanced by 60 min with respect to OT. WT started to increase in association to bed time and dropped sharply after awakening. A secondary WT increase, independent of feeding, was observed in the early afternoon. In conclusion, WT wireless recording can be considered a reliable procedure to evaluate circadian rhythmicity, and an index to establish and follow the effects of chronotherapy in normal living subjects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Peripheral wrist skin temperature has an inverse relationship to core body temperature.
“This method has been shown to be reliable and valid for evaluating temperature circadian rhythmicity, with peripheral wrist skin temperature reported to have an inverse relationship to core body temperature [38,39].”
From Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
Wrist skin temperature measurement is reliable and valid for evaluating temperature circadian rhythmicity.
“This method has been shown to be reliable and valid for evaluating temperature circadian rhythmicity, with peripheral wrist skin temperature reported to have an inverse relationship to core body temperature [38,39].”
From Exercise mitigates sleep-loss-induced changes in glucose tolerance, mitochondrial function, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis, and diurnal rhythms (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
Peripheral wrist temperature oscillations serve as a proxy for endogenous circadian function through the thermoregulatory coupling of core and periphery.
“Peripheral wrist temperature oscillations serve as a proxy for endogenous circadian function—through the thermoregulatory coupling of core and periphery—and run inverse to the core clock10,11.”
From Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Peripheral wrist temperature oscillations run inverse to the core clock.
“Peripheral wrist temperature oscillations serve as a proxy for endogenous circadian function—through the thermoregulatory coupling of core and periphery—and run inverse to the core clock10,11.”
From Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Wrist temperature traces retain an endogenous sinusoidal component under conditions of constant temperature and light with standardized food intake.
“These traces retain an endogenous sinusoidal component under conditions of constant temperature and light with standardized food intake11”
From Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
The shape of the UK Biobank wrist temperature curves matched previously reported curves for peripheral skin measured at the wrist.
“The shape of the UKBB wrist temperature curves matched previously reported curves for peripheral skin measured at the wrist11.”
From Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Thermogenic and heat-dissipative processes modulate the set point throughout the course of 24 hours typically resulting in peak core temperatures in the afternoon with the nadir reached at the end of the sleeping phase.
“Thermogenic and heat-dissipative processes modulate the set point throughout the course of 24 hours typically resulting in peak core temperatures in the afternoon with the nadir reached at the end of the sleeping phase11.”
From Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Core and peripheral body temperature are inversely coupled to regulate body temperature by balancing heat production and loss.
“Core and peripheral body temperature are inversely coupled to regulate body temperature by balancing heat production and loss10,11.”
From Diurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Cites
Circular Statistics in Biology
Watson, G. S., & Batschelet, E. (1982) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1267831 · Cited by 4,632 · see citing works
The Role of Actigraphy in the Study of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms
Ancoli-Israel, S., Cole, R., Alessi, C., Chambers, M., Moorcroft, W., & Pollak, C. P. (2003) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/26.3.342 · Cited by 2,751 · see citing works
Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat
Moore, R. Y., & Eichler, V. B. (1972) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(72)90054-6 · Cited by 2,135 · see citing works
Stephan, F. K., & Zucker, I. (1972) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1583 · Cited by 2,039 · see citing works
Transplanted Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Determines Circadian Period
Ralph, M. R., Foster, R. G., Davis, F. C., & Menaker, M. (1990) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2305266 · Cited by 1,853 · see citing works
Circular Statistics in Biology
Jupp, P. E., & Batschelet, E. (1982) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530079 · Cited by 1,330 · see citing works
The role of actigraphy in sleep medicine
Sadeh, A., & Acebo, C. (2002) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0182 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Rajaratnam, S. M., & Arendt, J. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06108-6 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Chronobiology: biological timekeeping
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2795 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Krauchi, K., & Wirz-Justice, A. (1994) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.3.r819 · Cited by 558 · cited 2× · see citing works
“It has been argued [34,47,48] that the distal skin temperature rhythm is extremely important in the regulation of the CBT rhythm and sleepiness, since heat loss from the extremities would drive the CBT circadian rhythm [21].”
Byrne, C., & Lim, C. L. (2006) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.026344 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
The Dim Light Melatonin Onset as a Marker for Orcadian Phase Position
Lewy, A. J., & Sack, R. L. (1989) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528909059144 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Evaluation of wireless determination of skin temperature using iButtons
VANMARKENLICHTENBELT, W., DAANEN, H., WOUTERS, L., FRONCZEK, R., RAYMANN, R., SEVERENS, N., & VANSOMEREN, E. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.026 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
The dependence of onset and duration of sleep on the circadian rhythm of rectal temperature
Zulley, J., Wever, R., & Aschoff, J. (1981) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00581514 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
VanSomeren, E. J. W. (2000) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-100101050 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine
(1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-78734-8 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Cancer chronotherapy: Principles, applications, and perspectives
Mormont, M., & Lévi, F. (2002) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.11040 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Chronobiology: biological timekeeping
Karatsoreos, I. N., & Silver, R. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.001 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Telemetry pill measurement of core temperature in humans during active heating and cooling
O’Brien, C., Hoyt, R. W., Buller, M. J., Castellani, J. W., & Young, A. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199803000-00020 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Skin deep: enhanced sleep depth by cutaneous temperature manipulation
Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm315 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Fingertip temperature as an indicator for sympathetic responses
Kistler, A., Mariauzouls, C., & von Berlepsch, K. (1998) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00087-1 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cutaneous warming promotes sleep onset
Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00492.2004 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
The circadian rhythm of core temperature: Effects of physical activity and aging
Weinert, D., & Waterhouse, J. M. (2006) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.003 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The thermophysiological cascade leading to sleep initiation in relation to phase of entrainment
Kräuchi, K. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.001 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The human sleep–wake cycle reconsidered from a thermoregulatory point of view
Kräuchi, K. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.005 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Skin temperature and sleep-onset latency: Changes with age and insomnia
Raymann, R. J. E. M., Swaab, D. F., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.008 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Strong Association of the Rest–Activity Rhythm With Well-Being in Demented Elderly Women
Bos, S. C., der Lek, R. F. R., Waterhouse, J. M., Reilly, T. P., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2007) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000236584.03432.dc · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Biologic Rhythms in Clinical and Laboratory Medicine
Redfern, P. H. (1993) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1993.tb05655.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Rapid Decline in Body Temperature Before Sleep: Fluffing the Physiological Pillow?
Campbell, S. S., & Broughton, R. (1994) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529409055899 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
McGinty, D., & Szymusiak, R. S. (2001) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1053/smrv.2001.0170 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Togawa, T. (1985) · Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0143-0815/6/2/001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Individual variation in body temperature and energy expenditure in response to mild cold
Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M., Schrauwen, P., van de Kerckhove, S., & Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sleep propensity is modulated by circadian and behavior-induced changes in cutaneous temperature
Van Someren, E. J. W. (2004) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.003 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Gradisar, M., & Lack, L. C. (2004) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730403261560 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Core temperature measurement in adults: a literature review
Fulbrook, P. (1993) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18091451.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Cajochen, C., Brunner, D. P., Kräuchi, K., Graw, P., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (2000) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00242-5 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Use of an ingestible telemetry sensor to measure core temperature under chemical protective clothing
Kolka, M. A., Levine, L. S., & Stephenson, L. A. (1997) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4565(97)00032-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Teaching Chronobiology and Sleep Habits in School and University
de Azevedo, C. V. M., de Sousa, I. C., Paul, K. N., MacLeish, M. Y., Mondéjar, M. T., Sarabia, J. A., Rol, M. A., & Madrid, J. A. (2008) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/j.1751-228x.2008.00027.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationBaño‐Otálora, B., Madrid, J. A., Álvarez‐Sánchez, N., Vicente, V., & Rol, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00531.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationThermophysiologic Aspects of the Three-Process-Model of Sleepiness Regulation
Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., & Wirz‐Justice, A. (2005) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2004.12.009 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Gander, P. H., Connell, L. J., & Graeber, R. C. (1986) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/074873048600100203 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Taylor, E. N., DeNardo, D. F., & Malawy, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Thermal Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2003.11.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Davidson, A. J., Aujard, F., London, B., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730403256066 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Vivanco, P., Ortiz, V., Rol, M. A., & Madrid, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2007.00418.x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationVANMARKENLICHTENBELT, W., Westerterp‐Plantenga, M. S., & VANHOYDONCK, P. (2001) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00477-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Thermosensitivity of the circadian timing system
VAN SOMEREN, E. J. (2003) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1046/j.1446-9235.2003.00002.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Tympanic Membrane Temperatures Compared to Rectal and Oral Temperatures
Talo, H., Macknin, M. L., & MEDENDORP, S. V. (1991) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/0009922891030004s09 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Circadian rhythm of temperature in man. Comparative study with two experiment protocols.
Marotte, H., & Timbal, J. (1981) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Areas, R., Duarte, L. L., & Menna-Barreto, L. S. (2006) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291010600869752 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Franz Halberg, A., Cornélissen, G., Ulmer, W., Blank, M., Hrushesky, W. J. M., Wood, P. A., Singh, R. K., & Wang, Z. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Waterhouse, J. M., Edwards, B., Mugarza, J. A., Flemming, R., Minors, D. S., Calbraith, D., Williams, G., Atkinson, G., & Reilly, T. P. (1999) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420529908998721 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Bilateral Ophthalmoparesis Associated With Bacterial Meningitis
Barron, T. F., Galetta, S. L., Avner, J. A., et al. (1991) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992289103000409 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A methodology for the real-time measurement of distal extremity temperature
Rutkove, S. B., Nie, R., Mitsa, T., & Nardin, R. A. (2007) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/11/008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Marker rhythms for cancer chronotherapy. From laboratory animals to human beings.
Focan, C. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chronomedical aspects of oncology and geriatrics.
Cornelissen, G., Gubin, D. G., Halberg, F., et al. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bandín, C., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Luque, A. J., Ávila-Gandía, V, Zamora, S., Madrid, J. A., Gómez-Abellán, P., & Garaulet, M. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.182 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Self-citationCircadian disruption and human health: A bidirectional relationship
Abbott, S. M., Malkani, R. G., & Zee, P. C. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14298 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Quantitative analysis of wrist electrodermal activity during sleep
Sano, A., Picard, R. W., & Stickgold, R. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.09.011 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Late dinner impairs glucose tolerance in MTNR1B risk allele carriers: A randomized, cross-over study
Lopez-Minguez, J., Saxena, R., Bandín, C., Scheer, F. A., & Garaulet, M. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.003 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Lara, T., Madrid, J. A., & Correa, Á. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088820 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationBonmati-Carrion, M. A., Middleton, B., Revell, V., Skene, D. J., Rol, M. A., & Madrid, J. A. (2014) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.820740 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationShilaih, M., Goodale, B. M., Falco, L., Kübler, F., De Clerck, V., & Leeners, B. (2018) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20171279 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Developing Biomarker Arrays Predicting Sleep and Circadian-Coupled Risks to Health
Mullington, J. M., Abbott, S. M., Carroll, J. E., Davis, C. J., Dijk, D.-J., Dinges, D. F., Gehrman, P. R., Ginsburg, G. S., Gozal, D., Haack, M., et al. (2016) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.5616 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Maijala, A., Kinnunen, H., Koskimäki, H., Jämsä, T., & Kangas, M. (2019) · BMC Women's Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0844-9 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Saner, N. J., Lee, M. J.-C., Kuang, J., Pitchford, N. W., Roach, G. D., Garnham, A., Genders, A. J., Stokes, T., Schroder, E. A., Huo, Z., et al. (2021) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101110 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Martínez-Lozano, N., Tvarijonaviciute, A., Ríos, R., Barón, I., Scheer, F. A. J. L., & Garaulet, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12092881 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Circadian rhythmicity as a predictor of weight-loss effectiveness
Bandín, C., Martinez-Nicolas, A., Ordovás, J. M., Madrid, J. A., & Garaulet, M. (2014) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2013.211 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationDiurnal rhythms of wrist temperature are associated with future disease risk in the UK Biobank
Brooks, T. G., Lahens, N. F., Grant, G. R., Sheline, Y. I., FitzGerald, G. A., & Skarke, C. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-40977-5 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Skin Temperature Rhythms in Humans Respond to Changes in the Timing of Sleep and Light
Cuesta, M., Boudreau, P., Cermakian, N., & Boivin, D. B. (2017) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730417702974 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Martinez-Nicolas, A., Guaita, M., Santamaría, J., Montserrat, J. M., Rol, M. Á., & Madrid, J. A. (2017) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx067 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationLorenz, N., Spada, J., Sander, C., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Hegerl, U. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.022 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Oseguera-Castro, K. Y., Madrid, J. A., Martínez Madrid, M. J., García, O. P., del Castillo, M. D., & Campos-Vega, R. (2019) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c9fo01021a · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Martinez-Cayuelas, E., Gavela-Pérez, T., Rodrigo-Moreno, M., Losada-Del Pozo, R., Moreno-Vinues, B., Garces, C., & Soriano-Guillén, L. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05934-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Physical activity, and not fat mass is a primary predictor of circadian parameters in young men
Tranel, H. R., Schroder, E. A., England, J., Black, W. S., Bush, H., Hughes, M. E., Esser, K. A., & Clasey, J. L. (2015) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1043011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jang, T.-W., Kim, H., Kang, S.-H., Choo, S.-H., Lee, I.-S., & Choi, K.-H. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101109 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Harfmann, B. D., Schroder, E. A., England, J. H., Senn, N. J., Westgate, P. M., Esser, K. A., & Kern, P. A. (2017) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2017-00086 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Capella, M. D. M., Martinez-Nicolas, A., & Adan, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00373 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Peripheral body temperature impairment in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Barone, M. T. U., Gonçalves, B., & Menna-Barreto, L. (2018) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20180026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Sarabia, J. A., Rol, M. A., Mendiola, P., & Madrid, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Murcia (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Madrid, J.A.
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-11
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 570-580
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W202057335
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, peripheral skin temperature, core body temperature, chronotherapy, sleep-wake cycle, phase equilibria, wireless temperature monitoring, healthy volunteers, sleep habits
- MeSH terms
- Activity Cycles, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Male, Skin Temperature, Sleep, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Wrist, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
