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Cited by 295

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 385 of the 385 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Tuned, driven, and active soft matter

Open access
Menzel, Andreas M.·2015·Physics Reports
DOI 10.1016/j.physrep.2014.10.001
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Abstract

One characteristic feature of soft matter systems is their strong response to external stimuli. As a consequence they are comparatively easily driven out of their ground state and out of equilibrium, which leads to many of their fascinating properties. Here, we review illustrative examples. This review is structured by an increasing distance from the equilibrium ground state. On each level, examples of increasing degree of complexity are considered. In detail, we first consider systems that are quasi-statically tuned or switched to a new state by applying external fields. These are common liquid crystals, liquid crystalline elastomers, or ferrogels and magnetic elastomers. Next, we concentrate on systems steadily driven from outside e.g. by an imposed flow field. In our case, we review the reaction of nematic liquid crystals, of bulk-filling periodically modulated structures such as block copolymers, and of localized vesicular objects to an imposed shear flow. Finally, we focus on systems that are "active" and "self-driven". Here our range spans from idealized self-propelled point particles, via sterically interacting particles like granular hoppers, via microswimmers such as self-phoretically driven artificial Janus particles or biological microorganisms, via deformable self-propelled particles like droplets, up to the collective behavior of insects, fish, and birds. As we emphasize, similarities emerge in the features and behavior of systems that at first glance may not necessarily appear related. We thus hope that our overview will further stimulate the search for basic unifying principles underlying the physics of these soft materials out of their equilibrium ground state.

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Metadata

Authors
Menzel, A. M.
Venue
Physics Reports
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-02
Volume
554
Pages
1-45
ISSN
0370-1573 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.physrep.2014.10.001
OpenAlex
W2106059221
Cited by
295
References
385
FWCI
25.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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