The DOI matches its Crossref record; 111 of the 111 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lectures on the Swampland Program in String Compactifications
Open accessAbstract
The Swampland program aims to determine the constraints that an effective field theory must satisfy to be consistent with a UV embedding in a quantum gravity theory. Different proposals have been formulated in the form of Swampland conjectures. In these lecture notes, we provide a pedagogical introduction to the most important Swampland conjectures, their connections and their realization in string theory compactifications. The notes are based on the series of lectures given by Irene Valenzuela at the online QFT and Geometry summer school in July 2020. ar X iv :2 10 2. 01 11 1v 1 [ he pth ] 1 F eb 2 02 1
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters
Planck Collaboration, Aghanim, N., Akrami, Y., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910 · Cited by 14,258
de Sitter vacua in string theory
Kachru, S., Kallosh, R., Linde, A., & Trivedi, S. P. (2003) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.68.046005 · Cited by 3,321
Linde, A. D. (1983) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(83)90837-7 · Cited by 3,299
Planck 2018 results: X. Constraints on inflation
Planck Collaboration, Akrami, Y., Arroja, F., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Ballardini, M., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartolo, N., et al. (2020) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833887 · Cited by 2,442
Gaiotto, D., Kapustin, A., Seiberg, N., & Willett, B. (2015) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2015)172 · Cited by 1,661
Polchinski, J. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511618123 · Cited by 1,602
Event Horizons in Static Vacuum Space-Times
Israel, W. (1967) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.164.1776 · Cited by 1,373
On the geometry of the string landscape and the swampland
Ooguri, H., & Vafa, C. (2007) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2006.10.033 · Cited by 1,186
The string landscape, black holes and gravity as the weakest force
Arkani-Hamed, N., Motl, L., Nicolis, A., & Vafa, C. (2007) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/06/060 · Cited by 1,052
Witten, E. H. (1982) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90728-6 · Cited by 1,017
SUPERGRAVITY DESCRIPTION OF FIELD THEORIES ON CURVED MANIFOLDS AND A NO GO THEOREM
MALDACENA, J., & NUÑEZ, C. (2001) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x01003937 · Cited by 930
The Swampland: Introduction and Review
Palti, E. (2019) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.201900037 · Cited by 908
Symmetries and strings in field theory and gravity
Banks, T., & Seiberg, N. (2011) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.83.084019 · Cited by 898
Variation of hodge structure: The singularities of the period mapping
Schmid, W. (1973) · Inventiones Mathematicae · doi:10.1007/bf01389674 · Cited by 817 · cited 2×
“In this situation, the Nilpotent Orbit Theorem of Schmid [64] gives an asymptotic expansion of the periods near the singular locus such that they are well approximated by the following nilpotent orbit”
MethodInfluentialThe Swampland: Introduction and Review
Palti, E. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 803
Massless black holes and conifolds in string theory
Strominger, A. (1995) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(95)00287-3 · Cited by 765
Distance and de Sitter conjectures on the Swampland
Ooguri, H., Palti, E., Shiu, G., & Vafa, C. (2019) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2018.11.018 · Cited by 739
Instability of the Kaluza-Klein vacuum
Witten, E. (1982) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/0550-3213(82)90007-4 · Cited by 595
Maldacena, J., Michelson, J., & Strominger, A. (1999) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/1999/02/011 · Cited by 548
The String Landscape and the Swampland
Vafa, C. (2005) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0509212 · Cited by 464
Bounds on slow roll and the de Sitter Swampland
Garg, S. K., & Krishnan, C. (2019) · NOT FOUND REPOSITORY (Indian Institute of Science Bangalore) · Cited by 429
Bounds on slow roll and the de Sitter Swampland
Garg, S. K., & Krishnan, C. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep11(2019)075 · Cited by 428
De Sitter Space and the Swampland
Obied, G., Ooguri, H., Spodyneiko, L., & Vafa, C. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1806.08362 · Cited by 412
Black holes and large N species solution to the hierarchy problem
Dvali, G. (2010) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.201000009 · Cited by 397
Symmetries in Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Gravity
Harlow, D., & Ooguri, H. (2021) · Communications in Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1007/s00220-021-04040-y · Cited by 395
Is the superstring weakly coupled?
Dine, M., & Seiberg, N. (1985) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/0370-2693(85)90927-x · Cited by 392
DeWolfe, O., Giryavets, A., Kachru, S., & Taylor, W. (2005) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2005/07/066 · Cited by 350
What if string theory has no de Sitter vacua?
Danielsson, U. H., & Riet, T. V. (2018) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271818300070 · Cited by 345
Infinite distances in field space and massless towers of states
Grimm, T. W., Palti, E., & Valenzuela, I. (2018) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2018)143 · Cited by 340
Self-citationLüst, D., Palti, E., & Vafa, C. (2019) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2019.134867 · Cited by 308
Black hole bound on the number of species and quantum gravity at CERN LHC
Dvali, G., & Redi, M. (2008) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.77.045027 · Cited by 299
Non-supersymmetric AdS and the swampland
Ooguri, H., & Vafa, C. (2017) · Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics · doi:10.4310/atmp.2017.v21.n7.a8 · Cited by 299
Trans-Planckian Censorship and the Swampland
Bedroya, A., & Vafa, C. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep09(2020)123 · Cited by 291
Wormholes, emergent gauge fields, and the weak gravity conjecture
Harlow, D. (2016) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep01(2016)122 · Cited by 261
Tensionless strings and the weak gravity conjecture
Lee, S.-J., Lerche, W., & Weigand, T. (2018) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep10(2018)164 · Cited by 249
Emergent strings from infinite distance limits
Lee, S.-J., Lerche, W., & Weigand, T. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2022)190 · Cited by 249
Naturalness and the Weak Gravity Conjecture
Cheung, C., & Remmen, G. N. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.051601 · Cited by 241
Super-Planckian spatial field variations and quantum gravity
Klaewer, D., & Palti, E. (2017) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep01(2017)088 · Cited by 240
Fencing in the Swampland: quantum Gravity Constraints on Large Field Inflation
Brown, J., Cottrell, W., Shiu, G., & Soler, P. (2015) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep10(2015)023 · Cited by 232
The weak gravity conjecture and scalar fields
Palti, E. (2017) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2017)034 · Cited by 231
The String Landscape, the Swampland, and the Missing Corner
Carta, F., Vafa, C., & Brennan, T. D. (2018) · Proceedings of Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Summer School 2017 "Physics at the Fundamental Frontier" — PoS(TASI2017) · doi:10.22323/1.305.0015 · Cited by 228
Inflationary Constraints on Type IIA String TheoryPreprint
Hertzberg, M. P., Shamit Kachru, A., Taylor, W., & Tegmark, M. (2007) · Cited by 226
Higher-order corrections to mass-charge relation of extremal black holes
Kats, Y., Motl, L., & Padi, M. (2007) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/12/068 · Cited by 225
Constraints on Symmetries from Holography
Harlow, D., & Ooguri, H. (2019) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.122.191601 · Cited by 222
Constraints on axion inflation from the weak gravity conjecture
Rudelius, T. (2015) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2015/09/020 · Cited by 219
Evidence for a sublattice weak gravity conjecture
Heidenreich, B., Reece, M., & Rudelius, T. (2017) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2017)025 · Cited by 214
Inflationary constraints on type IIA string theory
Hertzberg, M. P., Kachru, S., Taylor, W., & Tegmark, M. (2007) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1088/1126-6708/2007/12/095 · Cited by 204
Montero, M., Uranga, A. M., & Valenzuela, I. (2015) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2015)032 · Cited by 200
Self-citationSharpening the weak gravity conjecture with dimensional reduction
Heidenreich, B., Reece, M., & Rudelius, T. (2016) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2016)140 · Cited by 190
Emergence of Weak Coupling at Large Distance in Quantum Gravity
Heidenreich, B., Reece, M., & Rudelius, T. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.051601 · Cited by 186
A stringy test of the Scalar Weak Gravity Conjecture
Lee, S.-J., Lerche, W., & Weigand, T. (2019) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2018.11.001 · Cited by 180
Weak Gravity Conjecture from Unitarity and Causality
Hamada, Y., Noumi, T., & Shiu, G. (2019) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.051601 · Cited by 180
The Weak Gravity Conjecture and emergence from an ultraviolet cutoff
Heidenreich, B., Matthew Reece, B., & Rudelius, T. (2018) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-5811-3 · Cited by 179
The Weak Gravity Conjecture in three dimensions
Montero, M., Shiu, G., & Soler, P. (2016) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep10(2016)159 · Cited by 176
Proof of the weak gravity conjecture from black hole entropy
Cheung, C., Liu, J., & Remmen, G. N. (2018) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep10(2018)004 · Cited by 172
TASI Lectures on the Emergence of Bulk Physics in AdS/CFT
Harlow, D. (2018) · Proceedings of Theoretical Advanced Study Institute Summer School 2017 "Physics at the Fundamental Frontier" — PoS(TASI2017) · doi:10.22323/1.305.0002 · Cited by 169
A Tower Weak Gravity Conjecture from Infrared Consistency
Andriolo, S., Junghans, D., Noumi, T., & Shiu, G. (2018) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.201800020 · Cited by 168
Infinite distance networks in field space and charge orbits
Grimm, T. W., Li, C., & Palti, E. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep03(2019)016 · Cited by 168
Predictive Landscapes and New Physics at a TeV
Arkani-Hamed, N. (2005) · doi:10.2172/839754 · Cited by 164
Backreacted axion field ranges in string theory
Baume, F., & Palti, E. (2016) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2016)043 · Cited by 160
Emergent strings, duality and weak coupling limits for two-form fields
Lee, S.-J., Lerche, W., & Weigand, T. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep02(2022)096 · Cited by 154
Cobordism Classes and the SwamplandPreprint
McNamara, J., & Vafa, C. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1909.10355 · Cited by 150
Testing the weak gravity-cosmic censorship connection
Crisford, T., Horowitz, G. T., & Santos, J. E. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.97.066005 · Cited by 145
Winding out of the Swamp: Evading the weak gravity conjecture with F -term winding inflation?
Hebecker, A., Mangat, P., Rompineve, F., & Witkowski, L. T. (2015) · Physics Letters B · doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2015.07.026 · Cited by 141
The swampland conjecture and F-term axion monodromy inflation
Blumenhagen, R., Valenzuela, I., & Wolf, F. (2017) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep07(2017)145 · Cited by 132
Self-citationAsymptotic flux compactifications and the swampland
Grimm, T. W., Li, C., & Valenzuela, I. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep06(2020)009 · Cited by 130
Self-citationKim, H., Shiu, G., & Vafa, C. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.066006 · Cited by 126
Festina lente:1 EFT constraints from charged black hole evaporation in de Sitter
Montero, M., Riet, T. V., & Venken, G. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep01(2020)039 · Cited by 123
The web of swampland conjectures and the TCC bound
Andriot, D., Cribiori, N., & Erkinger, D. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep07(2020)162 · Cited by 123
Modular fluxes, elliptic genera, and weak gravity conjectures in four dimensions
Lee, S.-J., Lerche, W., & Weigand, T. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2019)104 · Cited by 121
The Swampland Distance Conjecture and towers of tensionless branes
Font, A., Herráez, Á., & Ibáñez, L. E. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2019)044 · Cited by 120
Repulsive forces and the weak gravity conjecture
Heidenreich, B., Matthew Reece, B., & Rudelius, T. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep10(2019)055 · Cited by 117
Swampland distance conjecture, inflation and α-attractors
Scalisi, M., & Valenzuela, I. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2019)160 · Cited by 113
Self-citationOn classical de Sitter vacua in string theory
Wrase, T., & Zagermann, M. (2010) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.201000053 · Cited by 110
Instantons and infinite distances
Marchesano, F., & Wiesner, M. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2019)088 · Cited by 107
Weak gravity conjecture and effective field theory
Saraswat, P. (2017) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.95.025013 · Cited by 103
O‐Plane Backreaction and Scale Separation in Type IIA Flux Vacua
Junghans, D. (2020) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.202000040 · Cited by 102
M-theory and type IIA flux compactifications
McOrist, J., & Sethi, S. (2012) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep12(2012)122 · Cited by 98
The Weak Gravity Conjecture in three dimensions
Montero, M., Shiu, G., & Soler, P. (2016) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · doi:10.1007/jhep10%282016%29159 · Cited by 98
A holographic derivation of the weak gravity conjecture
Montero, M. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep03(2019)157 · Cited by 96
On supersymmetric AdS4 orientifold vacua
Marchesano, F., Palti, E., Quirant, J., & Tomasiello, A. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2020)087 · Cited by 96
Minkowski 3-forms, flux string vacua, axion stability and naturalness
Bielleman, S., Ibáñez, L. E., & Valenzuela, I. (2015) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep12(2015)119 · Cited by 91
Self-citationBackreaction issues in axion monodromy and Minkowski 4-forms
Valenzuela, I. (2017) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep06(2017)098 · Cited by 91
Self-citationIbáñez, L. E., Martín-Lozano, V., & Valenzuela, I. (2017) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep11(2017)066 · Cited by 89
Self-citationInstanton corrections and Emergent Strings
Baume, F., Marchesano, F., & Wiesner, M. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep04(2020)174 · Cited by 89
Nothing is certain in string compactifications
Etxebarria, I. G., Montero, M., Sousa, K., & Valenzuela, I. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep12(2020)032 · Cited by 87
Self-citation$\mathrm{A}$ $\mathrm{CFT}$ distance conjecture
Perlmutter, E. (2024) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · doi:10.1007/jhep10%282021%29070 · Cited by 86
The Swampland Distance Conjecture and towers of tensionless branes
Font, A., Herráez, Á., & Ibáñez, L. E. (2019) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 85
Open Problems on Classical de Sitter Solutions
Andriot, D. (2019) · Fortschritte der Physik · doi:10.1002/prop.201900026 · Cited by 81
Swampland bounds on the Abelian gauge sector
Lee, S.-J., & Weigand, T. (2019) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.100.026015 · Cited by 76
A Strong Scalar Weak Gravity Conjecture and some implications
Gonzalo, E., & Ibáñez, L. E. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep08(2019)118 · Cited by 75
The type IIA flux potential, 4-forms and Freed-Witten anomalies
Herráez, Á., Ibáñez, L. E., Marchesano, F., & Zoccarato, G. (2018) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep09(2018)018 · Cited by 64
Discrete symmetries, weak coupling conjecture and scale separation in AdS vacua
Buratti, G., Calderón-Infante, J., Mininno, A., & Uranga, A. M. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep06(2020)083 · Cited by 64
Self-citationThe Swampland Conjecture and F-term Axion Monodromy Inflation
Blumenhagen, R., Valenzuela, I., Wolf, F., ElemPart, S. S. T. C. A., & Physics, T. (2017) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 64
Self-citationInfinite Distance Networks in Field Space and Charge Orbits
Grimm, T. W., Li, C., & Palti, E. (2019) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 59
Towards a Swampland Global Symmetry Conjecture using weak gravity
Daus, T., Hebecker, A., Leonhardt, S., & March-Russell, J. (2020) · Nuclear Physics B · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2020.115167 · Cited by 52
Approximate symmetries and gravity
Fichet, S., & Saraswat, P. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep01(2020)088 · Cited by 45
Backreaction Issues in Axion Monodromy and Minkowski 4-forms
Valenzuela, I. (2017) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 43
Self-citationA Strong Scalar Weak Gravity Conjecture and some implications
Gonzalo, E., & Ibáñez, L. E. (2019) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 42
Predictive Landscapes and New Physics at a TeV
Arkani-Hamed, N., Dimopoulos, S., & Kachru, S. (2005) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.hep-th/0501082 · Cited by 40
A proof of the weak gravity conjecture
Hod, S. (2017) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271817420044 · Cited by 38
Towards a proof of the Weak Gravity ConjecturePreprint
Alfredo Urbano, A. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.05621 · Cited by 33
Revisiting the scalar weak gravity conjecture
Benakli, K., Branchina, C., & Lafforgue-Marmet, G. (2020) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8268-0 · Cited by 32
Transplanckian censorship and the local swampland distance conjecture
Draper, P., & Farkas, S. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep01(2020)133 · Cited by 30
Discrete gauge symmetries and the weak gravity conjecture
Craig, N. J., Garcia, I. G., & Koren, S. (2019) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep05(2019)140 · Cited by 27
A conjecture on the minimal size of bound states
Freivogel, B., Gasenzer, T., Hebecker, A., & Leonhardt, S. (2020) · SciPost Physics · doi:10.21468/scipostphys.8.4.058 · Cited by 27
Pair production and gravity as the weakest force
Gonzalo, E., & Ibáñez, L. E. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep12(2020)039 · Cited by 25
Covariant formulation of BPS black holes and the scalar weak gravity conjecture
Dall’Agata, G., & Morittu, M. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep03(2020)192 · Cited by 24
Discrete gauge symmetries and the weak gravity conjecture
Craig, N. J. (2022) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · doi:10.1007/jhep05%282019%29140 · Cited by 21
A Brief Introduction to the Weak Gravity Conjecture
Palti, E. (2020) · Letters in High Energy Physics · doi:10.31526/lhep.2020.176 · Cited by 18
A note on membrane interactions and the scalar potential
Herráez, Á. (2020) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep10(2020)009 · Cited by 11
Cited by
Asymptotic Safety: Swampland or Wonderland?
Basile, I., & Platania, A. (2021) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe7100389 · Cited by 39
Metadata
- Authors
- van Beest, M., Calderón-Infante, J., Mirfendereski, D., & Valenzuela, I.
- Venue
- Physics Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-11
- Volume
- 989
- Pages
- 1-50
- ISSN
- 0370-1573 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3126175092
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 111
- FWCI
- 8.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.