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Making artemisinin
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The possibilities for the production of the antimalarial artemisinin by biological and chemical means are explored. These include native biosynthesis, genetic modification of Artemisia annua and other plants, engineering of microbes, total and partial chemical synthesis and combinations of the above.
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“Instead, the chemistry of undifferentiated callus and suspension cultures of A. annua seems to be dominated by sterols, such as stigmasterol (570) and sitosterol (568) (Section 2.7.2) [86,313]; as well as phenylpropanoids, such as scopoletin (184) (Section 2.3; Table 17), all of which are also found in significant quantities in the parent plants [86,313].”
From The Biosynthesis of Artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the Phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao) (2010) · cites this paper as [313]
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Li, Y.,Huang, H., Wu, Y.-L., 2006, qinghaosu (artemisinin) - a fantastic antimalarial drug from a traditional Chinese medicine. In: Liang, X.-T., Fang, W.-S. (Eds.), Medicinal Chemistry of Bioactive Natural Products Wiley Interscience, Hoboken, pp. 183-256.
- Willcox, M., Bodeker, G., Bourdy, G., Dhingra, V., Falquet, J., Ferreira, J.F.S., Graz, B., Hirt, H.-M., Hsu, E., Melillo de Magalhaes, P., Provendier, D., Wright, C.W., 2004. Artemisia annua as a traditional herbal antimalarial. In: Willcox, M., Bodeker, G., Rasoanaivo, P. (Eds.), Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 43-59.
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The Biosynthesis of Artemisinin (Qinghaosu) and the Phytochemistry of Artemisia annua L. (Qinghao)
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A Continuous‐Flow Process for the Synthesis of Artemisinin
Kopetzki, D., Lévesque, F., & Seeberger, P. H. (2013) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.201204558 · Cited by 218
Lange, B. M., & Ahkami, A. (2013) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.12022 · Cited by 206
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“Artemisinin is believed to be converted to AN non-enzymatically (Covello 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPlant NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases
Jensen, K., & Møller, B. L. (2009) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.017 · Cited by 197
Dietrich, J. A., Yoshikuni, Y., Fisher, K. J., Woolard, F. X., Ockey, D., McPhee, D. J., Renninger, N. S., Chang, M. C. Y., Baker, D., & Keasling, J. D. (2009) · ACS Chemical Biology · doi:10.1021/cb900006h · Cited by 186
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Homogeneous Oxygenase Catalysis
Liang, Y., Wei, J., Qiu, X., & Jiao, N. (2018) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00193 · Cited by 180
Generation of the potent anti-malarial drug artemisinin in tobacco
Farhi, M., Marhevka, E., Ben‐Ari, J., Algamas‐Dimantov, A., Liang, Z., Zeevi, V., Edelbaum, O., Spitzer‐Rimon, B., Abeliovich, H., Schwartz, B., et al. (2011) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2054 · Cited by 153
Relative expression of genes of terpene metabolism in different tissues of Artemisia annuaL
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Survey of artemisinin production by diverse Artemisia species in northern Pakistan
Mannan, A., Ahmed, I., Arshad, W., Asim, M., Qureshi, R. A., Hussain, I., & Mirza, B. (2010) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-310 · Cited by 141
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“Studies on A. annua high-artemisinin-producing and low-artemisinin-producing chemotypes suggest different biosynthetic routes beyond artemisinic aldehyde intermediate (Bertea et al., 2005; Covello, 2008).”
BackgroundJiang, W., Cheng, Y., Yang, X., et al. (2013) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12052 · Cited by 111
Alam, P., & Abdin, M. Z. (2011) · Plant Cell Reports · doi:10.1007/s00299-011-1099-6 · Cited by 108
“…have been conducted to elucidate the biochemical pathway of artemisinin synthesis and its biological regulation with an aim to improve artemisinin contents of the plant (Nair and Basile 1993; Bharel et al. 1998; Covello 2008; Bouwmeester et al. 1999; Graham et al. 2010; Arsenault et al. 2010a, b).”
BackgroundHan, J., Wang, H., Lundgren, A., & Brodelius, P. E. (2014) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.011 · Cited by 110
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Four-Step Synthesis of the Antimalarial Cardamom Peroxide via an Oxygen Stitching Strategy
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The production of artemisinin precursors in tobacco
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Self-citationBranch Pathway Blocking inArtemisia annuais a Useful Method for Obtaining High Yield Artemisinin
Lv, Z., Zhang, F., Pan, Q., Fu, X., Jiang, W., Shen, Q., Yan, T., Shi, P., Lu, X., Sun, X., et al. (2016) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcw014 · Cited by 78
“This method is likely to lower the cost of artemisinin by increasing the biomass of A. annua plants and the content of artemisinin, which has aroused great interest in this field (Covello 2008; Tang et al. 2014).”
MethodOverexpression ofAaWRKY1Leads to an Enhanced Content of Artemisinin inArtemisia annua
Jiang, W., Fu, X., Pan, Q., Tang, Y., Shen, Q., Lv, Z., Yan, T., Shi, P., Li, L., Zhang, L., et al. (2016) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2016/7314971 · Cited by 70
“Although artemisinin is widely used, the yield of artemisinin cannot meet market demand [23, 24].”
BackgroundSingh, N. D., Kumar, S., & Daniell, H. (2016) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.12476 · Cited by 67
“Artemisinin is a sesquiterpenoid, produced in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua (Covello 2008).”
BackgroundTrichomes + roots + ROS = artemisinin: regulating artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L.
Nguyen, K. T., Arsenault, P. R., & Weathers, P. J. (2011) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant · doi:10.1007/s11627-011-9343-x · Cited by 66
“GA, ABA, and BAP effects. Gibberellic acid (GA3), abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinins are phytohormones known to affect AN production. GA3 and BAP are also known to stimulate trichome development (Maes et al. 2008). When the A. tumefaciens cytokinin biosynthetic gene, isopentenyl transferase was transferred and consti…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMolecular Farming in Artemisia annua, a Promising Approach to Improve Anti-malarial Drug Production
Pulice, G., Pelaz, S., & Matías-Hernández, L. (2016) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.00329 · Cited by 53
“The final production step is considered the result of a non-enzymatic, photo-oxidation reaction (Sy and Brown, 2001; Covello, 2008; Brown, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialA glandular trichome-specific monoterpene alcohol dehydrogenase from Artemisia annua
Polichuk, D. R., Zhang, Y., Reed, D. W., Schmidt, J. F., & Covello, P. S. (2010) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.04.026 · Cited by 57
“This EST collection has proven to be an important resource in identifying genes encoding enzymes involved in trichome-dependent biosynthesis of natural products in A. annua (Covello et al., 2007, Covello, 2008, Teoh et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuangphrom, P., Seki, H., Fukushima, E. O., & Muranaka, T. (2016) · Journal of Natural Medicines · doi:10.1007/s11418-016-1008-y · Cited by 63
“Even though total synthesis of artemisinin from commercially available chemicals or semi-synthesis from its intermediates have been reported, all of those methods are costly and require several synthesis steps [55, 56].”
BackgroundStrategies on biosynthesis and production of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants
Guo, M., Lv, H., Chen, H., Dong, S., Zhang, J., Liu, W., He, L., Ma, Y., Yu, H., Chen, S., et al. (2023) · Chinese Herbal Medicines · doi:10.1016/j.chmed.2023.01.007 · Cited by 60
“…content, unstable supply of plant-derived artemisinin and unfeasible total synthesis of artemisinin, research efforts aimed at developing alternative production processes, using advanced breeding (Graham et al., 2010) and metabolic engineering (Covello, 2008), were initiated in the early 2000s.”
BackgroundSynthetic biology approaches for the production of plant metabolites in unicellular organisms
Moses, T., Mehrshahi, P., Smith, A. G., & Goossens, A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erx119 · Cited by 57
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Overproduction of artemisinin in tetraploid Artemisia annua L.
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β-Cyclodextrins enhance artemisinin production in Artemisia annua suspension cell cultures
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“This approach, however, is far from being commercially attractive due to the low yields of artemisinin so far obtained (Covello 2008).”
BackgroundSynthetic chemistry fuels interdisciplinary approaches to the production of artemisinin
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“These conversions are considered to be non-enzymatic reactions (Brown 2010; Covello 2008).”
BackgroundUpdates on artemisinin: an insight to mode of actions and strategies for enhanced global production
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“All units are converted to milligram per gram (mg/g). a heterologous host that is easier to transform and grow (Covello, 2008; Ma et al., 2015; Xie et al., 2016; Lv et al., 2017; Ikram et al., 2019).”
BackgroundOptimising Terpene Synthesis with Flow Biocatalysis
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Concise synthesis of artemisinin from a farnesyl diphosphate analogue
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“However, the yield of artemisinin is too limited to meet the demand of market (Covello 2008; Graham et al. 2010), while metabolic engineering is very promising to produce artemisinin.”
BackgroundPositioning Bacillus subtilis as terpenoid cell factory
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“Meanwhile amorphadiene conversion to dihydroartemisinic acid, a close precursor of artemisinin, involves a specific CYP450 called CYP71AV1 of Artemisia annua (Covello 2008).”
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A novel purification method of artemisinin from Artemisia annua
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“For example, artemisinin, the most effective antimalarial drug, is extracted from Artemisia annua (a member of that family) (Covello, 2008).”
BackgroundAutofluorescence as a Signal to Sort Developing Glandular Trichomes by Flow Cytometry
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“…number of biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites produced in GT has been investigated, (Gang et al., 2001, 2002; Croteau et al., 2005; Covello, 2008; Sallaud et al., 2009, 2012) but so far little is known about the development and differentiation of the structures that produce these…”
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“1, Brown and Sy 2004, 2007; Covello 2008; Mannan et al. 2010).”
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“The subsequent biochemical steps are not yet clear, but it has been suggested that dihydroartemisinic aldehyde oxidation, catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), leads to the formation of dihydroartemisinic acid (Figure 1) (Covello, 2008; Ro et al., 2006; Teoh, Polichuk, Reed, & Covello, 2006; Teoh, Polichuk, R…”
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“probably non-enzymatic, which requires light and molecular oxygen (Covello 2008).”
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“Artemisinin is a sesquiterpenoid lactone present in the extracts of different Artemisia species, including A. annua (Covello, 2008; Ikram and Simonsen, 2017; Pellicer et al., 2018; Nganthoi and Sanatombi, 2019) A. apiacea, A. macrocephala and A. thuscula (Pellicer et al., 2018), with 1, 2,…”
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“2002; Covello 2008).”
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“Following catalysis by Δ11(13)-doublebond reductase 2 (DBR2), artemisinic aldehyde is reduced to dihydroartemisinic aldehyde, which is then oxidized to dihydroartemisinic acid (DHAA) by a trichome-specific aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH1 (Covello 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialGhafouri, H., Sariri, R., & Naghavi, M. R. (2013) · Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies · doi:10.1080/10826076.2013.803200 · Cited by 12
“Artemisinin is a sesquiterpenoid produced in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua.([16]) Other species of Artemisia have been screened as potential new sources for agricultural production.”
BackgroundAntimalarial and Antileishmanial Activities of Phytophenolics and Their Synthetic Analogues
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“Currently, it is understood that the precursors for artemisinin biosynthesis originate from the cytosolic mevalonic acid (MVP) pathway and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway (Covello 2008; Ma et al. 2015).”
BackgroundNew Medical Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites
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Ro, D. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119991311.ch8 · Cited by 11
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Medicinal Plants: Guests and Hosts in the Heterologous Expression of High-Value Products
Vasilev, N. P. (2021) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/a-1576-4148 · Cited by 6
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Metadata
- Authors
- Covello, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Plant Biotechnology Institute (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Covello, Patrick S.
- Venue
- Phytochemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 2881-2885
- ISSN
- 0031-9422 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4236404432
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Phytochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Sesquiterpenes and Asteraceae Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
- Keywords
- artemisinin, antimalarial drugs, Artemisia annua, biosynthesis, genetic modification, microbial engineering, total synthesis, semisynthesis, drug production
- MeSH terms
- Escherichia coli, Genetic Engineering, Molecular Structure, Artemisia, Artemisinins
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