Dissection of the phytohormonal regulation of trichome formation and biosynthesis of the antimalarial compound artemisinin in Artemisia annua plants
Open accessAbstract
• Biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene lactone and potent antimalarial drug artemisinin occurs in glandular trichomes of Artemisia annua plants and is subjected to a strict network of developmental and other regulatory cues. • The effects of three hormones, jasmonate, gibberellin and cytokinin, were studied at the structural and molecular levels in two different A. annua chemotypes by microscopic analysis of gland development, and by targeted metabolite and transcript profiling. Furthermore, a genome-wide cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)-based transcriptome profiling was carried out of jasmonate-elicited leaves at different developmental stages. • Although cytokinin and gibberellin positively affected at least one aspect of gland formation, these two hormones did not stimulate artemisinin biosynthesis. Only jasmonate simultaneously promoted gland formation and coordinated transcriptional activation of biosynthetic gene expression, which ultimately led to increased sesquiterpenoid accumulation with chemotype-dependent effects on the distinct pathway branches. Transcriptome profiling revealed a trichome-specific fatty acyl- coenzyme A reductase, trichome-specific fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (TFAR1), the expression of which correlates with trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis. • TFAR1 is potentially involved in cuticular wax formation during glandular trichome expansion in leaves and flowers of A. annua plants. Analysis of phytohormone-modulated transcriptional regulons provides clues to dissect the concerted regulation of metabolism and development of plant trichomes.
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Artemisinin production can be increased in A. annua through the application of certain PGRs like gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA).
“Artemisinin production can be increased in A. annua through the application of certain PGRs like gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) (Inthima et al. 2017; Zhou and Memelink 2016; Maes et al. 2011; Banyai et al. 2011; Aftab et al. 2010a, b, 2011b; Pu et al. 2009; Jing et al. 2009).”
From Enhancing artemisinin content in and delivery from Artemisia annua: a review of alternative, classical, and transgenic approaches (2021) · cites this paper as Maes et al. 2011
The section ‘Jasmonate, but not gibberellin or cytokinin, promotes sesquiterpenoid accumulation’ reports increased artemisinin accumulation after JA treatment in the two A. annua cultivars. It explicitly reports no stimulation of artemisinin biosynthesis after GA₃ treatment. The paper’s treatment methods list JA, GA₃ and BAP, not ABA or SA, so it does not establish the claimed effects of ABA or SA. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt was shown by qPCR that levels of ADS, CYP71AV1, DBR2 and ALDH1 were around 50, 13, 160 and 55 times higher in isolated trichomes (from flower buds) than in leaves.
“It was shown by qPCR that the levels of ADS, CYP71AV1, DBR2 and ALDH1 were around 50, 13, 160 and 55 times higher in isolated trichomes (from flower buds) than in leaves, respectively [41]”
From Relative expression of genes of terpene metabolism in different tissues of Artemisia annuaL (2011) · cites this paper as [41]
The genes encoding enzymes of artemisinin biosynthesis are specifically expressed in trichomes.
“which once again shows that the genes encoding enzymes of artemisinin biosynthesis are specifically expressed in trichomes.”
From Relative expression of genes of terpene metabolism in different tissues of Artemisia annuaL (2011) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Maes, L., Van Nieuwerburgh, F. C. W., Zhang, Y., Reed, D. W., Pollier, J., Vande Casteele, S. R. F., Inzé, D., Covello, P. S., Deforce, D. L. D., & Goossens, A.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Plant Biotechnology Institute (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Goossens, Alain
- Venue
- New Phytologist
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-09-27
- Volume
- 189
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 176-189
- ISSN
- 0028-646X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8137
- OpenAlex
- W2145813726
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New Phytologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universiteit Gent
- Vlaamse Interuniversitaire Raad
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Sesquiterpenes and Asteraceae Studies
- Keywords
- artemisinin biosynthesis, glandular trichomes, Artemisia annua, phytohormone regulation, jasmonates, gibberellin, cytokinins, sesquiterpene lactones, trichome development, chemotypes, fatty acyl-CoA reductase, cuticular wax, gene expression profiling, antimalarial compounds
- MeSH terms
- Aldehyde Oxidoreductases, Antimalarials, Cyclopentanes, Cytokinins, Gibberellins, Plant Growth Regulators, Plant Proteins, Sesquiterpenes, Gene Expression, Gene Expression Profiling, Artemisia annua, Artemisinins, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis, Oxylipins
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