Differences in cytokines between non-suicidal patients and suicidal patients in major depression
Abstract
Several studies have shown that there is an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, little is known about the role of cytokines in suicide. In the present study, amounts of IL-6, IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, and TGF-beta1 produced by mitogen-stimulated whole blood were measured in 36 MDD patients who had recently attempted suicide, 33 non-suicidal MDD patients, and 40 normal controls. The severity of depression symptoms and suicidal behaviors was evaluated using Hamilton's depression rating scale (HDRS), the Lethality Suicide Attempt Rating Scale (LSARS), and the Risk-Rescue Rating (RRR). Non-suicidal MDD patients had significantly higher IL-6 production than suicidal MDD patients and normal controls (p<0.001). Suicidal MDD patients had significantly lower IL-2 compared with non-suicidal patients and normal controls (p<0.001). Both MDD groups, with or without attempted suicide, had significantly lower IFN-gamma and IL-4 and higher TGF-beta1 production. HDRS scores had significant positive correlations with IL-6, IFN-gamma, and the Th1/Th2 ratio and significant negative correlations with IL-4 in non-suicidal depression patients (p<0.005); however, these correlations did not hold true for suicidal patients. Suicidal MDD patients had no significant correlations between the LSARS or RRR scores and cytokine release. Our findings suggest that the immune response has distinct differences between non-suicidal patients and suicidal patients. Non-suicidal MDD may be associated with increased IL-6 production and a Th1/Th2 imbalance with a shift to Th1, while suicidal MDD may be associated with decreased IL-2.
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IL-2 levels are reduced in some studies of suicide attempters but others find no significant change.
“IL-2 levels have been reported as reduced in some studies of suicide attempters (72, 73), yet others find no significant change (Table 3).”
From Exploring the neurobiological markers of suicidal behaviors in pediatric population: a narrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [72]
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- Authors
- Kim, Y.-K., Lee, S.-W., Kim, S.-H., Shim, S.-H., Han, S.-W., Choi, S.-H., & Lee, B.-H.
- Affiliations
- Korea University (KR)
- Korea University Ansan Hospital (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Bun-Hee
- Venue
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 356-361
- ISSN
- 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2088409879
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, suicide, cytokines, interleukin-6, interleukin-2, interferon-gamma, IL-4, TGF-β1, Th1/Th2 balance, immune response, suicide attempts, depression severity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Interleukin-2, Male, Mitogens, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, Interleukin-4, Comorbidity, Cytokines, Interleukin-12, Interleukin-18, Control Groups, Transforming Growth Factor beta1, In Vitro Techniques
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