A meta-analysis of chemokines in major depression
Open accessAbstract
Chemokines are increasingly recognised as playing a role in depression. Here we meta-analyse the data on concentrations of all chemokines in patients diagnosed with a major depression versus healthy controls. We included studies which utilised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV diagnostic criteria for major depression, participants free from major medical conditions, studies with healthy controls, and unstimulated measurements of chemokines. We only included chemokines which had ≥3 studies performed. Two chemokines and 15 studies in total met criteria for this meta-analysis; 8 for Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 (n=747), and 7 for Interleukin (IL)-8/CXCL8 (n=560). There were significantly higher concentrations of CCL2/MCP-1 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects - overall mean difference of 36.43pg/mL (95% CI: 2.43 to 70.42). There was significant heterogeneity across these studies (I2=98.5%). The estimates of mean difference between the control and depression groups did not remain significant when the trim-and-fill procedure was used to correct for publication bias. There was no significant difference in concentrations of IL-8/CXCL8 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. Significant heterogeneity was found across these studies (I2=96.7%). The estimates of mean difference between the control and depression groups remained non-significant when the trim-and-fill procedure was used to correct for publication bias. This meta-analysis reports significantly heterogeneity in this field among studies. There are higher concentrations of the chemokine MCP-1/CCL2 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects, and no differences for IL-8/CXCL8. More high quality research and consistent methodologies are needed in this important area of enquiry.
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Meta-analytic evidence suggests that IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, soluble IL-2 receptor, CCL-2, IL-12, IL-13, IL-18, IL-1 receptor antagonist, soluble TNF receptor 2, and C-reactive protein levels are elevated in individuals with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls.
“Meta-analytic evidence suggests that IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, the soluble IL-2 receptor, CCL-2, IL-12, IL-13, IL-18, the IL-1 receptor antagonist, the soluble TNF receptor 2, and C-reactive protein levels are elevated in individuals with MDD compared to healthy controls [33,6,34].”
Depressed patients have higher cytokine levels than healthy controls, with consistent literature findings for IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, TNF-α, and TGF-β.
“Depressed patients are characterized by higher levels of cytokines when compared to healthy controls with consistent results in literature when considering IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, TNF-α, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (Enache et al., 2019, Eyre et al., 2016, Howren et al., 2009, Kohler et al., 2017, Poletti et al., 2020b).”
From Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up (2021) · cites this paper as Eyre et al., 2016
IL-8 was reported to have no significant changes in MDD by a study of 560 subjects, but it was found to be increased in MDD in a later study of 3788 subjects.
“IL-8 was reported to have no significant changes in MDD by a study of 560 subjects37, but it was found to be increased in MDD in a later study of 3788 subjects38.”
From Inflammation-related biomarkers in major psychiatric disorders: a cross-disorder assessment of reproducibility and specificity in 43 meta-analyses (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
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“Depressed patients are characterized by higher levels of cytokines when compared to healthy controls with consistent results in literature when considering IL-1β, IL6, IL-10, CCL2, TNF-α, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (Enache et al., 2019; Eyre et al., 2016; Howren et al., 2009; Kohler et al., 2017; Poletti…”
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Zhao, G., & Liu, X. (2019) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9271-0_4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Eyre, H. A., Air, T., Pradhan, A., Johnston, J., Lavretsky, H., Stuart, M. J., & Baune, B. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Baune, Bernhard T.
- Venue
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 68
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5536843
- OpenAlex
- W2280064070
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 1.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH086481)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- chemokines, major depressive disorder, MCP-1, interleukin-8, publication bias, heterogeneity of study results
- MeSH terms
- Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Chemokines
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