[99mTc]TRODAT-1/[123I]IBZM SPECT studies of the dopaminergic system in Tourette syndrome
Abstract
The good clinical effectiveness of dopamine depleter and receptor antagonists on tics suggests dopaminergic hyperactivity in Tourette syndrome (TS). In this case-control study of 10 TS patients and 15 age-matched healthy controls, we evaluated (i) presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal dopaminergic function using [(99m)Tc]TRODAT-1/[(123)I]IBZM single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and (ii) correlations between dopamine transporter (DAT)/D2 receptor binding sites and tic severity scores. Patients 1-5 were pretreated with haloperidol and were drug free for at least 3 months before SPECT imaging. Patients 6-10 were drug-naïve. We found no significant difference in DAT and D2 receptor binding sites between TS patients and healthy controls nor any association between striatal DAT or D2 receptor binding sites and tic severity assessed using the Modified Rush Videotape Rating Scale. Our findings provided no direct evidence of abnormally available striatal DAT or dopamine D2 receptors in TS. However, functional abnormalities of the dopaminergic system, e.g., alterations in the synaptic release of endogenous dopamine, cannot be completely ruled out.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A handful of studies have found no differences in striatal DAT binding in TS.
“However, a handful of studies have found no differences in striatal DAT binding in TS [639,642-644].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [642]
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
A Method for Attenuation Correction in Radionuclide Computed Tomography
Chang, L.-T. (1978) · IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science · doi:10.1109/tns.1978.4329385 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Preedy, V., & Watson, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78665-0_5485 · Cited by 1,146 · see citing works
Peterson, B. S., Riddle, M. A., Cohen, D. J., Katz, L. D., Smith, J. C., Hardin, M. T., & Leckman, J. F. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.5.941 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Volumetric MRI changes in basal ganglia of children with Tourette's syndrome
Singer, H. S., Reiss, A. L., Brown, J. E., Aylward, E., Shih, B., Chee, E., Harris, E. L., Reader, M. J., Chase, G. A., Bryan, R. N., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.5.950 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
A placebo-controlled trial of risperidone in Tourette syndrome
Scahill, L., Leckman, J. F., Schultz, R. T., Katsovich, L., & Peterson, B. S. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000055434.39968.67 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Shapiro, E. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810080052006 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Dopamine receptors in human brain: Autoradiographic distribution of D2 sites
Camps, M., Cortés, R., Gueye, B., Probst, A., & Palacios, J. M. (1989) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(89)90179-6 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Abnormal dopamine uptake sites in postmortem striatum from patients with tourette's syndrome
Singer, H. S., Hahn, I., & Moran, T. H. (1991) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410300408 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Elevated Intrasynaptic Dopamine Release in Tourette’s Syndrome Measured by PET
Singer, H. S., Szymanski, S., Giuliano, J., Yokoi, F., Dogan, A. S., Brasic, J. R., Zhou, Y., Grace, A. A., & Wong, D. F. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1329 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Wolf, S. S., Jones, D. W., Knable, M. B., Gorey, J. G., Lee, K. S., Hyde, T. M., Coppola, R., & Weinberger, D. R. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5279.1225 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Objective assessments of longitudinal outcome in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome
Pappert, E. J., Goetz, C. G., Louis, E. D., Blasucci, L. M., & Leurgans, S. E. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000086370.10186.7c · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Imaging of dopamine transporters in humans with technetium-99m TRODAT 1
Kung, H. F., Kim, H. J., Kung, M., Meegalla, S. K., Plöessl, K., & Lee, H. (1996) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/bf01254479 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Risperidone Versus Pimozide in Tourette's Disorder
Bruggeman, R., van der Linden, C., Buitelaar, J. K., Gericke, G. S., Hawkridge, S. M., & Temlett, J. A. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v62n0111 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
[123I]beta-CIT SPECT imaging of striatal dopamine transporter binding in Tourette's disorder
Malison, R. T., McDougle, C. J., van Dyck, C. H., Scahill, L. D., Baldwin, R. M., Seibyl, J. P., Price, L. H., Leckman, J. F., & Innis, R. B. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.9.1359 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome
Haber, S. N., Kowall, N. W., Vonsattel, J. P., Bird, E. D., & Richardson, E. P. (1986) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(86)90097-3 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Risperidone in the Treatment of Tourette Syndrome: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Dion, Y., Annable, L., Sandor, P., & Chouinard, G. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004714-200202000-00006 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Cerebral morphometric abnormalities in Tourette's syndrome
Hyde, T. M., Stacey, M. E., Coppola, R., Handel, S. F., Rickler, K. C., & Weinberger, D. R. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.6.1176 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Biogenic amine metabolism in tourette syndrome
Butler, I. J., Koslow, S. H., Seifert, W. E., Caprioli, R. M., & Singer, H. S. (1979) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410060109 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Dopaminergic dysfunction in tourette syndrome
Singer, H. S., Butler, I. J., Tune, L. E., Seifert, W. E., & Coyle, J. T. (1982) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410120408 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome after long‐term chlorpromazine therapy
Klawans, H. L., Falk, D. K., Nausieda, P. A., & Weiner, W. J. (1978) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.28.10.1064 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Increased ventral striatal monoaminergic innervation in Tourette syndrome
Albin, R. L., Koeppe, R. A., Bohnen, N. I., Nichols, T. E., Meyer, P., Wernette, K., Minoshima, S., Kilbourn, M. R., & Frey, K. A. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000076181.39162.fc · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Chronic, Multiple Tics of Gilles de la Tourette's Disease
Cohen, D. J. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770260123015 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Effect of tetrabenazine on tics and sleep of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome
Jankovic, J. J., Glaze, D. G., & Frost, J. D. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.5.688 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
High Presynaptic Dopaminergic Activity in Children With Tourette's Disorder
Monique Ernst, D., Zametkin, A. J., Jons, P. H., Matochik, J. A., Pascualvaca, D. M., & Cohen, R. M. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199901000-00024 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
D2-like dopamine receptor density in Tourette syndrome measured by PET.
Wong, D., Singer, H. S., Brandt, J., Shaya, E. K., Chen, C. A., Brown, J. E., Kimball, A. W., GJEDDE, A. H., Dannals, R. F., Ravert, H. T., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Neuroimaging studies of Tourette syndrome: a decade of progress.
Peterson, B. S. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 115 · see citing works
PET studies of the presynaptic and postsynaptic dopaminergic system in Tourette's syndrome.
Turjanski, N., Sawle, G. V., Playford, E. D., Weeks, R., Lammertsma, A. A., Lees, A. J., & Brooks, D. J. (1994) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.6.688 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Tourette’s syndrome improvement with pergolide in a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial
Gilbert, D. L., Sethuraman, G., SINE, L. E., Peters, S., & Sallee, F. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.6.1310 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Müller-Vahl, K. R., Berding, G., Brücke, T., Kolbe, H., Meyer, G. J., Hundeshagen, H., Dengler, R., Knapp, W. H., & Emrich, H. M. (2000) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/pl00007806 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Heinz, A., Knable, M. B., Wolf, S. S., Jones, D. W., Gorey, J. G., Hyde, T. M., & Weinberger, D. R. (1998) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.51.4.1069 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Cheon, K.-A. A. (2003) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2003.06.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Altered mesolimbocortical and thalamic dopamine in Tourette syndrome
Gilbert, D. L., Christian, B. T., Gelfand, M. J., Shi, B., Mantil, J., & Sallee, F. R. (2006) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000242733.18534.2c · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Reproducibility of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT measurement of dopamine transporters in Parkinson's disease.
Hwang, W. J., Yao, W., Wey, S., & Ting, G. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationSerotonin transporter binding in Tourette Syndrome
Müller‐Vahl, K., Meyer, G.-J., Knapp, W. H., Emrich, H. M., Gielow, P., Brücke, T., & Berding, G. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.031 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Presynaptic Catecholamine Antagonists as Treatment for Tourette Syndrome
Sweet, R. D. (1974) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760180095012 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Serra‐Mestres, J., Ring, H. A., Costa, D. C., Gacinovic, S., Walker, Z., Lees, A. J., Robertson, M. M., & Trimble, M. R. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0001-690x.2004.00214.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Striatal presynaptic monoaminergic vesicles are not increased in Tourette’s syndrome
Meyer, P., Bohnen, N. I., Minoshima, S., Koeppe, R. A., Wernette, K., Kilbourn, M. R., Kuhl, D. E., Frey, K. A., & Albin, R. L. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.2.371 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dopamine receptor availability in Tourette's Syndrome
George, M. S., Robertson, M. M., Costa, D. C., Ell, P. J., Trimble, M., Pilowsky, L. S., & Verhoeff, N. P. L. G. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0925-4927(94)90014-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Low-Dose Haloperidol for Stereotypic Self-Injurious Behavior in the Mentally Retarded
Mesulam, M. M. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198608073150617 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ropinirole in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Anca, M. H., Giladi, N., & Korczyn, A. D. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000123111.00324.bf · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Dopamine D2 receptor imaging inGilles de la Tourette syndrome
Müller‐Vahl, K., Berding, G., KOLBE, H., Meyer, G.-J., Hundeshagen, H., Dengler, R., Knapp, W. H., & Emrich, H. M. (2000) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.101003165.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Stamenkovic, M., Schindler, S. D., Asenbaum, S., Neumeister, A., Willeit, M., Willinger, U., de Zwaan, M., Riederer, F., Aschauer, H. N., & Kasper, S. (2001) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(00)00134-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Positron emission tomography evaluation of dopamine D-2 receptors in adults with Tourette syndrome.
Singer, H. S., Wong, D. F., Brown, J. E., Brandt, J., Krafft, L., Shaya, E. K., Dannals, R. F., & Wagner, H. N. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Peterson, B. S. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
PET studies on the integrity of the pre and postsynaptic dopaminergic system in Tourette syndrome
Brooks, D. J., Turjanski, N., Sawle, G. V., Playford, E. D., & Lees, A. J. (1992) · PubMed · doi:10.82444/warw.33722950 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Stimulant Medication and Tics
Golden, G. S. (1988) · Pediatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0090-4481-19880601-08 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cocaine and tourette's syndrome
Factor, S. A., Sanchez‐Ramos, J., & Weiner, W. J. (1988) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410230431 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Krause, K., Dresel, S. H. J., Krause, J., Kung, H. F., Tatsch, K., & Lochmüller, H. (2002) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-002-0746-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Gelernter, J. E., Vandenbergh, D. J., Kruger, S. D., Pauls, D. L., Kurlan, R., PAKSTIS, A. J., Kídd, K. K., & Uhl, G. R. (1995) · Genomics · doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1265 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cocaine and Tourette's Syndrome
(1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198608073150616 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hwang, W., Yao, W., Wey, S., Shen, L., & Ting, G. (2002) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000047962 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationA kit formulation for preparation of iodine-123-IBZM: a new CNS D-2 dopamine receptor imaging agent.
KUNG, M. ‐., Liu, B. L., Yang, Y. Y., Billings, J. J., & Kung, H. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Coexistence of tics and parkinsonism: Evidence for non-dopaminergic mechanisms in tic pathogenesis
Kumar, R., & Lang, A. E. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.49.6.1699 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Louis (1999) · doi:10.1002/1531-8257(199905)14:3
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 58 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Neuromodulation in Tourette syndrome: dopamine and beyond
Buse, J., Schoenefeld, K., Münchau, A., & Roessner, V. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.004 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Response Inhibition and Interference Control in Obsessive–Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
van Velzen, L. S., Vriend, C., de Wit, S. J., & van den Heuvel, O. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Dopaminergic Disturbances in Tourette Syndrome: An Integrative Account
Maia, T. V., & Conceição, V. A. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1172 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Nikolaus, S., Antke, C., & Müller, H. (2009) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.009 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging in Tourette syndrome
Rickards, H. E. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.024 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Neurochemistry of Tourette Syndrome
Singer, H. S. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199796267.003.0013 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Evaluation of Tourette’s syndrome by 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT imaging
Liu, H., Dong, F., Meng, Z., Zhang, B., Tan, J., & Wang, Y. (2010) · Annals of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12149-010-0389-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Functional Imaging of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Tourette Syndrome
Segura, B., & Strafella, A. P. (2013) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-411546-0.00003-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Li, A., Li, J., Li, Z., Shu-zhen, W., Qi, F., Zhao, L., & Lv, H. (2010) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/0028-3886.68663 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
López, R. G., Perea‐Milla, E., Garcia, C. R., Rivas‐Ruiz, F., Romero-González, J., Moreno, J. L. C., Felipe, V. F., Aguas, G. D. C., & Diaz, J. C. R. (2009) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-16 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The multimodality neuroimage findings in individuals with Tourette syndrome
Hsu, C., Wong, L., Wang, H.-P., & Lee, W. (2020) · Pediatrics & Neonatology · doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.03.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Abi‐Jaoude, E., Segura, B., Obeso, I., Cho, S. S., Houle, S., Lang, A. E., Rusjan, P., Sandor, P., & Strafella, A. P. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22793 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The role of GRIN2B in Tourette syndrome: Results from a transmission disequilibrium study
Che, F., Zhang, Y., Wang, G., Heng, X., Liu, S., & Du, Y. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.036 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Shahed, J. J. (2009) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2009.04.011 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Optimization of Imaging Parameters for SPECT scans of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 Using Taguchi Analysis
Huang, C.-K., Wu, J., Cheng, K., & Pan, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113817 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Human Brain Imaging of Dopamine Transporters
Varrone, A., & Halldin, C. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-418677-4.00009-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders
Tochen, L. S., & Singer, H. S. (2016) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802206-1.00048-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wang, Y., & Li, A. (2019) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.10243 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging in Tourette syndrome: recent perspectives
Debes, N. M., Preel, M., & Skov, L. (2017) · Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics · doi:10.2147/nan.s88795 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Li, J., Guo, Y., Zhao, L., Sun, K., Xi, G., & Li, Z. (2020) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2020/2980705 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter abnormalities in primary tic disorders and Tourette syndrome
Worbe, Y., & Pasquereau, B. (2026) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13554-5.00023-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
PET and SPECT Imaging in Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Zoons, E., Sharifi, S., Booij, J., de Jong, B. M., & Tijssen, M. A. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53168-3_30 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tics et syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette
Hartmann, A., van Meerbeeck, P., Deniau, E., Béhar, C., Czernecki, V., Depienne, C., & Worbe, Y. (2011) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Neurologie · doi:10.1016/s0246-0378(11)53655-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
PET and SPECT Imaging in Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
Zoons, E., Sharifi, S., Booij, J., de Jong, B. M., & Tijssen, M. A. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54307-4_32
Tic e sindrome di Gilles de la Tourette
Hartmann, A., Bahadori, S., Bahout, M., Czernecki, V., Delorme, C., Depienne, C., Moulin, J., & Nilles, C. (2011) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(11)70624-9
40. Tics et syndrome de gilles de la tourette
Delorme, R., Deniau, E., & Hartmann, A. (2012) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/s0246-0378(17)79782-5
Tic e sindrome di Gilles de la Tourette
Hartmann, A., Deniau, E., Czernecki, V., Negovanska, V., d’Harcourt, S., Depienne, C., Klein, Y., & Worbe, Y. (2018) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(18)89402-8
Tics et syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette
Hartmann, A., Bahadori, S., Bahout, M., Czernecki, V., Delorme, C., Depienne, C., Moulin, J., & Nilles, C. (2026) · Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale. Neurologie · doi:10.1016/s0246-0378(25)50181-1
- Authors
- Hwang, W.-J., Yao, W.-J., Fu, Y.-K., & Yang, A.-S.
- Affiliations
- National Cheng Kung University (TW)
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Hwang, Wen-Juh
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 159-166
- ISSN
- 0925-4927 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1998902316
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Council
- Atomic Energy Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- Tourette syndrome, dopaminergic system, dopamine transporter, dopamine D2 receptor, striatum, tics, tic severity, dopamine release, haloperidol, 99mTc-TRODAT-1, [123I]IBZM
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Benzamides, Corpus Striatum, Female, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Iodine Radioisotopes, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neurologic Examination, Pyrrolidines, Synapses, Tropanes, Organotechnetium Compounds, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Receptors, Presynaptic, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review