Oculomotor studies of cerebellar function in autism
Abstract
Histopathological, neuroimaging and genetic findings indicate cerebellar abnormalities in autism, but the extent of neurophysiological dysfunction associated with those findings has not been systematically examined. Suppression of intrusive saccades (square wave jerks) and the ability to sustain eccentric gaze, two phenomena requiring intact cerebellar function, were examined in 52 high-functioning individuals with autism and 52 age- and IQ-matched healthy subjects during visual fixation of static central and peripheral targets. Rates of intrusive saccades were not increased in autism during visual fixation, and foveopetal ocular drift was also not increased when subjects held an eccentric gaze. The absence of gross disturbances of visual fixation associated with cerebellar disease in individuals with autism, such as increased square wave jerk rates and foveopetal drift when holding eccentric gaze, indicates that the functional integrity of cerebellar--brainstem networks devoted to oculomotor control is preserved in autism despite reported anatomic variations. However, increased amplitude of intrusive saccades and reduced latency of target refixation after intrusive saccades were observed in individuals with autism, especially when subjects maintained fixation of remembered target locations without sensory guidance. The atypical metrics of intrusive saccades that were observed may be attributable to faulty functional connectivity in cortico-cerebellar networks.
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Gaze linked to cerebellar function is characteristically atypical in individuals with autistic disorder, and subtle oculomotor alterations suggest abnormalities in cortico-cerebellar connectivity.
“Gaze linked to cerebellar function [23] is characteristically atypical in individuals with AD and the observation of subtle oculomotor alterations suggests abnormalities in cortico-cerebellar connectivity [24, 25].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [25]
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Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism
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“Other studies have found no difference in rates of intrusive saccades,(27) in vestibular-ocular reflex,(28) or in foveopetal ocular drift.(27) To date, these studies suggest that the mechanics of oculomotor function appear to be generally intact in individuals with autism and that differences in looking behavior may a…”
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“It is proposed that future eye-tracking ML studies could use features from gaze-based measures [8,9], visual scanning path [15], and oculomotor performance [41,42] to detect ASD.”
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“…cerebellar abnormalities have used ocular motor paradigms in autism Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience www.frontiersin.org November 2012 | Volume 6 | Article 99 | 1 “fnint-06-00099” — 2012/11/7 — 1:53 — page 2 — #2 and AD (Takarae et al., 2004; Nowinski et al., 2005; Stanley-Cary et al., 2011).”
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“Touch responses were in line with published data on control participants pointing at small targets using a stick (Jacobs et al. 2009). As for fixations and key pressing RTs, Fig. 2 Stimuli sequence. The procedure replicates Pratt et al. (1999). After a 500-ms central attention grabber, each trial began with a 500-ms d…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTherapeutic strategies in migraine patients with mood and anxiety disorders: clinical evidence
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Square Wave Jerks and Anxiety as Distinctive Biomarkers for Anorexia Nervosa
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Ocular Fixation Abnormality in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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“In contrast to the great interest shown in saccadic abnormalities in those with ASD, ocular fixation has not received much attention until now (Nowinski et al. 2005).”
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“target) and that saccade end points are highly variable (Takarae et al., 2004; Nowinski et al., 2005; Mosconi et al., 2010; Schmitt et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMigraine and depression: common pathogenetic and therapeutic ground?
Moschiano, F., D’Amico, D., Canavero, I., Pan, I., Micieli, G., & Bussone, G. (2011) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-011-0545-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Comorbidity between migraine and depression: update on traditional and alternative treatments
Baskin, S. M., & Smitherman, T. A. (2011) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-011-0549-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“Using state-of-the-art eye movement recording techniques, our study strongly supports the view of an intact low-level oculomotor system in the autistic pathology, evidencing the functional integrity of cerebellar-brainstem networks underpinning oculomotor control (Nowinski et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSaccadic eye movements in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder
Zalla, T., Seassau, M., Cazalis, F., Gras, D., & Leboyer, M. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316667057 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Reduced accuracy and disturbances in saccadic dynamics in individuals with ASD have been usually associated with a disruption of the cerebellar-brainstem circuitry (Johnson et al., 2012; Mosconi et al., 2013; Nowinski et al., 2005; Schmitt et al., 2014; Stanley-Cary et al., 2010; Takarae et al., 2004).”
BackgroundVisual and Vestibular Induced Eye Movements in Verbal Children and Adults with Autism
FURMAN, J. M. R., Osório, M. J., & Minshew, N. J. (2015) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1481 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationAnticipatory Smooth Eye Movements in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Aitkin, C. D., Santos, E. M., & Kowler, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083230 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“These trends, namely, larger and more frequent saccades during fixation in those with ASD, are consistent with prior reports about saccades in a variety of tasks [33,35,46,47], however, the sample of saccades was small enough, and individual variability large enough, that the differences between groups in either size…”
BackgroundResultMaternal Immune Activation, Cytokines and Autism
Patterson, P. H., Xu, W., Smith, S. E. P., & Devarman, B. E. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-489-0_13 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Moreover, functional magnetic resonance imaging reveals abnormal cerebellar activation during motor and cognitive tasks in autistic subjects [18, 19], and autistic subjects also exhibit abnormalities in eyeblink conditioning and visual saccades, which are behaviors particularly relevant for the known functions of lobu…”
BackgroundZhao, Z., Xing, J., Zhang, X., Qu, X., Hu, X., & Lu, J. (2021) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05255-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Functional and Neuropathological Evidence for a Role of the Brainstem in Autism
Baizer, J. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2021.748977 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Many behavioral and imaging studies are limited to subjects who are “high-functioning autistic”/Asperger’s Syndrome (examples include Nowinski et al., 2005; Langen et al., 2007; Takarae et al., 2007; Catani et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVisual perception and visual dysfunction in autistic spectrum disorder: a literature review
Milne, E., & Griffiths, H. (2007) · British and Irish Orthoptic Journal · doi:10.22599/bioj.206 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Canu, D., Ioannou, C., Müller, K., Martin, B., Fleischhaker, C., Biscaldi, M., Beauducel, A., Smyrnis, N., van Elst, L. T., & Klein, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19661-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pieron, M., Seassau, M., Leboyer, M., & Zalla, T. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-4152-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Previous research has reported diminished saccade accuracy (Luna et al. 2007; Minshew et al. 1999) and variability in saccadic amplitude (Johnson et al. 2012; Nowinski et al. 2005; Stanley-Carry et al. 2011; Takarae et al. 2004).”
BackgroundSumner, E., Hutton, S. B., & Hill, E. L. (2020) · Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s41252-020-00188-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kılıçaslan, F., Ayaydın, H., Çelık, H., Kütük, M. Ö., Kandemır, H., Koyuncu, İ., & Kirmit, A. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2019.1674241 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Psychiatric Approach to Headache
Shulman, R. B. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800901-7.00018-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
FEATURES OF EYE MOVEMENT DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH CEREBELLAR LESIONS OF DIFFERENT LOCALIZATION
Shurupova, M. A., Anisimov, V. N., Латанов, А. В., & Kasatkin, V. N. (2016) · I P Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald · doi:10.17816/pavlovj20163154-163 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Вовлеченность мозжечка в стабилизацию положения глаза демонстрируют глазодвигательные патологии, возникающие при мозжечковых дисфункциях: это спонтанный нистагм и интрузивные саккады (square waves accadicintrusion, SWSI) [9, 10].”
Cerebellum and the Psychopathology of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder
Johnson, B. P., Stanley-Cary, C., Fielding, J., Rinehart, N., & Papadopoulos, N. V. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4788-7_44 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tarrit, K., Freedman, E. G., Francisco, A. A., Horsthuis, D. J., Molholm, S., & Foxe, J. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2023.1232474 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“While Autism is primarily associated with atypical social communication and restricted/repetitive behaviors, sensory-motor differences are also very commonly reported (Molloy et al., 2003; Takarae et al., 2004; Nowinski et al., 2005; Brenner et al., 2007; Fournier et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSensorimotor and inhibitory control in aging FMR1 premutation carriers
Fielding-Gebhardt, H., Kelly, S. E., Unruh, K. E., Schmitt, L., Pulver, S. L., Khemani, P., & Mosconi, M. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1271158 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Immune Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Malkova, N. V., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800109-7.00005-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Characteristics of visual function in Asperger’s syndrome and the autism spectrum
Whiskens, A. (2010) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00009546
Asperger Syndrome Associated With Idiopathic Infantile Nystagmus–A Report of 2 Cases
Kumar, A., Sarvananthan, N., Proudlock, F. A., Thomas, M. G., Roberts, E. O., & Gottlob, I. (2009) · Strabismus · doi:10.1080/09273970902829154
Aring, E. (2007) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
INTEROCEPTION: ASSESSMENT OF BODY PERCEPTION IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM AND SENSORY ISSUE
Iqbal, M. (2022) · Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation · doi:10.36283/pjr.zu.11.2/021
Anti-GAD antibody biochemical correlates of autism symptoms in children: a case-control study
Kamış, B., Ray, P. Ç., Çelik, G. G., & Binokay, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1727227
“The GAD enzyme is divided into two isoforms, GAD65 and GAD67, based on their molecular weights, intracellular localization, and enzymatic activities (29).”
Influential
- Authors
- Nowinski, C. V., Minshew, N. J., Luna, B., Takarae, Y., & Sweeney, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sweeney, John A.
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-11
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 11-19
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1970401598
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH01433, K02MH001433)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS33355)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD035469, HD35469)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, cerebellum, oculomotor control, square wave jerks, visual fixation, cortico-cerebellar connectivity, high-functioning autism
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Autistic Disorder, Brain Mapping, Brain Stem, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Orientation, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Saccades, Visual Fields, Oculomotor Nerve Diseases
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