Entendiendo la movilidad humana mediante tecnologías espaciales: el papel de las áreas naturales de tránsito en el Suroeste de la Península Ibérica durante la Prehistoria Reciente

33% of Late Bronze Age funerary sites coincide with natural corridors.

“for the LBA is only of 33%”

Natural corridors in western Sierra Morena seem to have been heavily used during Prehistory.

“it is interesting to note that natural corridors in this region seem to have been heavily used during Prehistory.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Areas through which more paths are accumulated can be considered the most accessible, and therefore main natural corridors.

75% of Early Bronze Age funerary sites coincide with natural corridors.

“in the case of the EBA the coincidence between funerary sites and corridors is of 75%”

The location of late prehistoric habitats and symbolic places in western Sierra Morena is strongly related to natural corridors.

“We conclude that the location of their habitats and symbolic places are strongly related to corridors”

• Also stated in: § 4. DISCUSSION · plain

  “the majority of sites and monuments, regardless of their chronology, fall within the areas identifi ed as natural corridors”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Areas through which more paths are accumulated can be considered the most accessible, and therefore main natural corridors.

87.5% of Late Bronze Age settlements occur in areas of natural transit.

“87.5% for the LBA”

81.25% of Early Bronze Age settlements occur in areas of natural transit.

“81.25% for the EBA”

73.33% of Copper Age settlements occur in areas of natural transit.

“while 73.33% of the Copper Age settlements occur in areas of natural transit”

88.24% of Copper Age megalithic monuments fall within areas of natural transit.

“For the Copper Age the association between natural corridors and the megalithic monuments is emphasised with 88.24% of them falling within the areas of transit”

The relationship between Bronze Age habitats and natural corridors is stronger than for the Copper Age.

“we observe a stronger relationship between their habitats and natural corridors.”

The majority of sites and monuments, regardless of their chronology, fall within the areas identified as natural corridors.

“This is refl ected in the results from the analysis that suggests that the majority of sites and monuments, regardless of their chronology, fall within the areas identifi ed as natural corridors.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Areas through which more paths are accumulated can be considered the most accessible, and therefore main natural corridors.

The hypothesis that megalithic monuments are related to natural corridors can be accepted for western Sierra Morena.

“the hypothesis expressed several decades ago pointing to a relationship between megalithic monuments and natural corridors (Chapman 1979;Galán Domingo andMartín Bravo 1991-1992;Criado Boado and Vaquero Lastres 1993;López Plaza and Salvador Mateos 2002) can be fi nally accepted for western Sierra Morena.”

• cites Chapman 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Galán Domingo andMartín Bravo 1991-1992Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Criado Boado and Vaquero Lastres 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The societies of western Sierra Morena favoured (over time) habitats located close to natural corridors.

“The results from this analysis offer further support to the scarce archaeological evidence available of western Sierra Morena, suggesting that its societies favoured (over time) habitats located close to natural corridors.”

There is a remarkable coincidence between historical paths and natural corridors.

“Related also to this is the remarkable coincidence between historical paths and natural corridors.”

Early Bronze Age funerary places are located within a range of 0-500 m of the calculated corridors.

“In the case of the EBA funerary places, they are located even closer in a range of 0-500 m.”

The relationship between funerary sites and natural corridors holds true for later periods, at least for the Early Bronze Age.

“Secondly, that the relationship with funerary sites and natural corridors seems to hold also true for later periods, at least for the EBA.”

Several Early Bronze Age sites are associated to soils that have been traditionally used for pasturage.

“several EBA sites are associated to soils that have been traditionally used for pasturage.”

The majority of megalithic monuments are located within a range of 500-1000 m of the calculated corridors.

“the majority of megalithic monuments are located within a range of 500-1000 m of the calculated corridors.”

Monuments are definitively associated with areas of natural transit.

“What is clear from this experiment is that the monuments are defi nitively associated with areas of natural transit.”

Bronze Age groups were looking more regularly for spaces suitable for herding.

“This suggests not only that Bronze Age groups were looking more regularly for spaces that were suitable for herding”

The difficult environment and lack of potential for agricultural intensification make Sierra Morena a long-established herding region.

“It is probably this diffi cult environment and the lack of potential for agricultural intensifi cation what makes Sierra Morena a long-established herding region.”

Bronze Age groups were performing seasonal movements.

“but also that they were performing seasonal movements”

Historical evidence of pastoral activity in western Sierra Morena and surrounding areas can be traced back at least to the Iron Age.

“The historical evidence of the pastoral activity in western Sierra Morena and surrounding areas can be traced back at least to the Iron Age, as testifi ed by early literary sources.”

Towards the Early Bronze Age (2100-1500 BC), local communities favoured settlement locations with better defensibility and visual control of their surroundings.

“In contrast, towards the Early Bronze Age (EBA) (2100-1500 BC), local communities searched for and favoured settlement locations with better defensibility and visual control of their surroundings (García Sanjuán 1999: 141-142).”

• cites García Sanjuán 1999: 141-142Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The calculation of morphometric features depends on both the spatial resolution of the terrain model and the spatial extent used to identify them.

“This will be relevant due to the fact that the calculation of morphometric features will depend precisely on both, the spatial resolution of the terrain model and the spatial extent that we use to identify them.”

25% of Copper Age settlements are associated with land historically used for pasturage and herding activities.

“is of 25% for Copper Age settlements and 65.6% for EBA settlements (García Sanjuán 1999).”

• cites García Sanjuán 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In El Trastejón, samples suggest that some cultivated species (barley, wheat and lima beans) were consumed but their trace is almost absent from the palynological record.

“In the case of El Trastejón, the samples recovered suggest that some cultivated species (barley, wheat and lima beans) were consumed but their trace is almost absent from the palynological record.”

Towards the Copper Age, agropastoralism seems to have been already widely extended throughout south-western Iberia.

“Towards the Copper Age the practice of a mixed strategy as subsistence mode ('agropastoralism') seems to have been already widely extended throughout south-western Iberia.”

The presence of loom weights at El Trastejón indicates the practice of wool processing and textile manufacturing.

“Moreover, the presence of loom weights at this site indicates the practice of wool processing and textile manufacturing.”

Western Sierra Morena is characterised by poverty of its soils.

“western Sierra Morena is also characterised by the poverty of its soils (Moreno Rey 1998: 19).”

• cites Moreno Rey 1998: 19Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Late Bronze Age (1500-850 BC) societies located their settlements not only in areas traditionally used as dehesas, woodlands and grasslands, but also predominantly with no agricultural potential and little accessibility.

“This characteristic seems to be emphasised by the societies of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) (1500-850 BC) that located their settlements not only in areas traditionally used as dehesas, woodlands and grasslands, but also predominantly with no agricultural potential and little accessibility (García Sanjuán 1999: 147).”

• cites García Sanjuán 1999: 147Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

During Prehistory, a small amount of animals might have allowed short-distance transhumance or trasterminancia.

“However, this was probably not the case during Prehistory where a small amount of animals, might have allowed what is known as short-distance transhumance or trasterminancia.”

The characteristics observed of a determined point or area of the surface vary when the calculation of the feature is performed with different spatial resolution or spatial extent.

“This means that the characteristics observed of determined point or area of the surface will vary when the calculation of the feature is performed with different spatial resolution or spatial extent (Ehsani and Quiel 2009: 336).”

• cites Ehsani and Quiel 2009: 336 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

At least three rivers in the study area are wide and deep enough to become problematic to cross with animals all year round.

“However, at least three of them are wide and deep enough to become problematic to cross with animals all year round.”

In the Early Bronze Age, although some sites were still located on soils with better potential for agriculture, the majority preferred to settle in dehesa landscapes such as La Traviesa, El Trastejón and La Papúa.

“In addition, although some of their sites were still located on soils with better potential for agriculture, the majority seemed to prefer to settle in dehesa landscapes such as the case of La Traviesa, El Trastejón and La Papúa (García Sanjuán 1999: 146).”

• cites García Sanjuán 1999: 146Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The historical solution adapted to overcome the lack of ruminant food in western Sierra Morena was transhumance.

“In this sense, the historical solution adapted to overcome this situation was transhumance (Fig. 2).”

During the Late Bronze Age, important sites El Trastejón and La Papúa presented high levels of Erica, Cistus and Plantago, species related to dehesa environments and suggestive of exploitation for herding activities.

“During this period, diverse important sites of the region with long tradition of occupation such as El Trastejón and La Papúa presented a high level of plants such as: Erica, Cistus and Plantago (García Sanjuán 1999: 152-158), species that are related to dehesa environments and suggestive of exploitation for herding activities.”

• cites García Sanjuán 1999: 152-158Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Edaphological analyses indicate the presence of cattle at La Papúa.

“In addition, edaphological analyses have indicated the presence of cattle in this site (García Sanjuán 1999: 154-160).”

• cites García Sanjuán 1999: 154-160Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Settlements seem to be in rather accessible locations.

“it offers a new alternative interpretation where it is argued that the settlements seem to be in rather accessible locations.”

Geomorphic phenomena are dependent on scale.

“For this analysis it has to be taken into account that geomorphic phenomena are dependent on scale (Evans 2003).”

• cites Evans 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It is probable that products from El Trastejón were exchanged for agricultural resources with communities in the near valleys.

“It is probable that these and other products were exchanged for agricultural resources with communities in the near valleys.”

By the Iron Age, there was already an established path network by pastoralist indigenous populations in western Sierra Morena.

“demonstrating with this that towards the Iron Age, there was an already established path network by the pastoralist indigenous populations (Alfaro Giner 2001: 222).”

• cites Alfaro Giner 2001: 222Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Late Bronze Age settlements' lack of association to visual control, height or other economic resources could lead to their understanding as seasonal camps or herding stations.

“Their lack of association to other factors such as visual control, height or other economic resources could lead to their understanding as seasonal camps or herding stations.”

The strong relation between habitats and symbolic places and natural corridors may be due to an increasing importance of herding activities.

“possibly due to an increasing importance of herding activities.”

• Also stated in: § 2. MODES OF SUBSISTENCE AND HERDING TRADITION IN WESTERN SIERRA MORENA · hedged

  “it seems fair to suggest that these local communities developed an increasing pastoral strategy.”

Available pollen studies suggest that by the IV-III millennium prehistoric societies in Sierra Morena could well have started to develop a dehesa ecosystem.

“The available pollen studies have suggested that by the IV-III millennium prehistoric societies in Sierra Morena could well have started to develop a dehesa ecosystem.”

Herding has historically been a major resource within the traditional mode of subsistence in western Sierra Morena.

“It can be said that herding has historically been a major resource within the traditional mode of subsistence in western Sierra Morena.”

65.6% of Early Bronze Age settlements are associated with land historically used for pasturage and herding activities.

“is of 25% for Copper Age settlements and 65.6% for EBA settlements (García Sanjuán 1999).”

• cites García Sanjuán 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

In western Sierra Morena, none of the plants and types of grass that constitute the diet of ruminants produces enough food for long periods of time.

“In this region, it has been demonstrated that none of the plants and types of grass that constitute the diet of ruminants produces enough food for long periods of time (Mora González 2009).”

• cites Mora González 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Taking into account the variability of the settlement pattern, the high number of seasonal habitats, the lack of potential for agricultural intensification, and the ethnohistorical evidence of a predominant transhumant tradition since at least the Iron Age, local communities of western Sierra Morena developed an increasing pastoral strategy.

“Taking into account (1) the variability of the settlement pattern, (2) the high number of seasonal habitats (that do not seem to be related to metallurgy or other activity), (3) the lack of potential for agricultural intensifi cation, and (4) the ethnohistorical evidence of a predominant transhumant tradition that is present at least since the Iron Age, it seems fair to suggest that these local c”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The practice of pastoral activity should be reflected at a landscape scale in the spatial distribution of settlements and symbolic places.

Many segments where roads tend to follow natural corridors and monuments are strongly associated to them might be part of older paths.

“in this case there are many segments where the roads tend to follow the natural corridors, and if in these parts the monuments are strongly associated to them, it is possible to think that these segments might be part of older paths.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: It has been a usual practice for all societies to reuse already established paths.

Computational approaches allow testing hypotheses and exploring at a landscape scale the spatial characteristics of archaeological sites that are denotative of past social aspects.

“computational approaches allow us to test hypotheses and to explore at a landscape scale the spatial characteristics of archaeological sites that are denotative of past social aspects.”

In the Múrtigas River Valley, settlements were not reused after the Copper Age despite their location in places with good agricultural soil.

“in the case of an important natural corridor with prehistoric settlements such as the Múrtigas River Valley, settlements were not reused after the Copper Age despite their location in places with good agricultural soil (Pérez Macías 2010: 274).”

• cites Pérez Macías 2010: 274Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The significant occupation of caves in Sierra de Huelva during the Bronze Age could be related to the increase in herding activities and seasonal mobility.

“which could be related to the increase in herding activities and seasonal mobility.”

The observed relationship between monuments and historical routes may actually be a relationship between monuments and natural corridors used by historical routes.

“Therefore, what we might be observing is in reality the relationship of the monument 'with' the natural corridor which happens to be used by the historical route.”

The connection between historical routes and funerary monuments may be due to some parts of these paths following the most accessible areas in the landscape.

“their connection to funerary monuments may be due to the fact that some parts of these paths follow the most accessible areas in the landscape.”

The presence of natural corridors, historical paths and prehistoric monuments together may be indicative of the possible fossilization of a route, at least in those specific segments.

“the presence of these three elements may be indicative of the possible fossilization of a route, at least in those specifi c segments.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: It has been a usual practice for all societies to reuse already established paths.

Megaliths may have a role as landscape markers.

“it also emphasises their possible role as landscape markers (Murrieta-Flores et al. 2011a, 2011b).”

• cites Murrieta-Flores et al. 2011a, 2011bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Megaliths are often located in visible and traversable areas.

“The strong spatial relationship recognised for the megaliths seems to be consistent with the idea that they are often located in visible and traversable areas”

The closer location of Early Bronze Age funerary places could be related to the role that burials play as spatial markers for herding societies while performing the pastoral orbit.

“This could be related to the role that burials play as spatial markers for herding societies while performing the pastoral orbit”

The exploitation of metals in western Sierra Morena is very low in comparison with adjacent areas such as the Guadalquivir valley.

“the exploitation of metals in this region is very low in compari-son with adjacent areas such as the Guadalquivir valley”

• cites Costa Caramé 2011: 274Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

For the Copper Age in western Sierra Morena, there is no evidence of metallurgic activity or metal artefacts, except at the funerary site of La Zarcita.

“for the Copper Age, there is no evidence of metallurgic activity or metal artefacts for this period, with the exception of the funerary site of La Zarcita (Santa Bárbara de Casas, Huelva) (Costa Caramé 2011: 324).”

• cites Costa Caramé 2011: 324Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

This might explain why in some cases a spatial relationship between historical routes and funerary monuments can be confirmed and in others not.

“This might be the explanation why in some cases a spatial relationship between historical routes and funerary monuments can be confi rmed and in some others not (Wheatley et al. 2010).”

• cites Wheatley et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Caves of Sierra de Huelva seem to have significant occupation during the Bronze Age compared to the rest of Andalucía.

“In addition, in comparison with the rest of Andalucía, the caves of Sierra de Huelva seem to have signifi cant occupation during the Bronze Age (Martínez Rodríguez and Lorenzo Gómez 1992: 199)”

• cites Martínez Rodríguez and Lorenzo Gómez 1992: 199Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

There is a diachronic increment in the linear distance between settlements and places of metallurgic activity in western Sierra Morena.

“there seems to be an diachronic increment in the linear distance between settlements and places of metallurgic activity in general (Costa Caramé 2011: 274).”

• cites Costa Caramé 2011: 274Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Places where natural corridors, historical paths and prehistoric monuments converge are highly likely to have been used by prehistoric communities.

“places where natural corridors, historical paths and prehistoric monuments converge, they constitute parts of the landscape that are highly likely to have been used by prehistoric communities”

Rising importance of commerce, potential proliferation of herding activities and associated enterprises might explain why during the Bronze Age a larger number of settlements and seasonal camps were located near natural corridors.

“In this manner, the rising impor tance of commerce during this period, the potential proliferation of herding activities and the enterprises that come with them, might be some of the factors explaining why during the Bronze Age, a larger number of settlements and seasonal camps were located near natural corridors.”

Those cases are regularly related to pasturage.

“Although excavations are needed, it is important to note that those cases are regularly related to pasturage.”