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ROS and the DNA damage response in cancer
Open accessAbstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of short-lived, highly reactive, oxygen-containing molecules that can induce DNA damage and affect the DNA damage response (DDR). There is unequivocal pre-clinical and clinical evidence that ROS influence the genotoxic stress caused by chemotherapeutics agents and ionizing radiation. Recent studies have provided mechanistic insight into how ROS can also influence the cellular response to DNA damage caused by genotoxic therapy, especially in the context of Double Strand Breaks (DSBs). This has led to the clinical evaluation of agents modulating ROS in combination with genotoxic therapy for cancer, with mixed success so far. These studies point to context dependent outcomes with ROS modulator combinations with Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, indicating a need for additional pre-clinical research in the field. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the effect of ROS in the DNA damage response, and its clinical relevance.
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“The most frequently occurring mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 in lung cancer are Guanine → Thymine and Guanine → Adenine transversions (Srinivas et al. 2019; Gibbons et al. 2014).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Srinivas et al. 2019
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“ROS are produced endogenously by (i) mitochondria (where O2 acts as a terminal electron acceptor for electron transport chain) [12], (ii) NADPH oxidase, a cell membrane bound enzyme [13], (iii) Peroxisomes (which contain enzymes that produce H2O2 e.”
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Redox-sensitive alteration of replisome architecture safeguards genome integrity
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“Elevated ROS lead to dissociation of PRDX2 and TIMELESS, thus slowing replication fork speed [36].”
BackgroundRedox Regulation of p53, Redox Effectors Regulated by p53: A Subtle Balance
Maillet, A., & Pervaiz, S. (2011) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2011.4434 · Cited by 188
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Reciprocal down-regulation of p53 and SOD2 gene expression-implication in p53 mediated apoptosis
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“Furthermore, under conditions of high ROS, p53 has been demonstrated to downregulate antioxidant proteins including SOD2 [97] and the anti-oxidant transcriptional factor Nrf2 [98].”
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Redox Modulation of HMGB1-Related Signaling
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Redox Regulation of Human OGG1 Activity in Response to Cellular Oxidative Stress
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“formation of 8-oxo guanine) [25], which can lead to G-T or G-A transversions if unrepaired.”
BackgroundRegulation of Cellular Metabolism and Hypoxia by p53Preprint
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“p53 is a redox protein with clusters of cysteine residues that can be targets of ROS [90], but it can also regulate ROS in turn [91].”
BackgroundLocus-specific mutation databases: pitfalls and good practice based on the p53 experience
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“p53 is a well-studied tumor suppressor that is mutated in over 50% of all cancers [87,88], and affects multiple cellular responses to DNA U.”
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Orthomolecular Oncology Review: Ascorbic Acid and Cancer 25 Years Later
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“This has led to suggestions that ROS modulators could be used for cancer primary prevention, or to enhance therapeutic responses [18,19].”
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Novel signaling axis for ROS generation during K-Ras-induced cellular transformation
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“ATM-deficient cells also have increased ROS due to defects in NRF2 activity, a transcriptional factor which promotes the expression of antioxidant proteins under conditions of cellular stress [42,43].”
BackgroundOxidative stress induces H2AX phosphorylation in human spermatozoa
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“Conversely, acute oxidative stress increases γH2AX activation and DDR signaling [63].”
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ATM/G6PD-driven redox metabolism promotes FLT3 inhibitor resistance in acute myeloid leukemia
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Systematic Review of Intravenous Ascorbate in Cancer Clinical Trials
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“[137], and further RCTs are required to determine the efficacy of these strategies.”
BackgroundAPE2 is required for ATR-Chk1 checkpoint activation in response to oxidative stress
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“Chk1 inhibition potentiates the cytotoxic effects of DNA-damage therapeutics in preclinical studies [75–77], although the relevance of ROS in this context has not been clearly defined.”
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“Oxidative stress by H2O2 requires ATR for γ-H2AX accumulation and activation of the DDR [48], as well as ATR dependent phosphorylation of Chk1 [49].”
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“Oxidized HMGB1 enhances apoptosis and chemosensitivity in pancreatic and colorectal cancer cell lines [123], whereas reduced HMGB1 promotes autophagy-mediated chemoresistance towards melphalan, oxaliplatin and paclitaxel [123,124].”
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“directly activated by oxidative stress, for example by H2O2, leading to its autophosphorylation and subsequent downstream activation of the DDR pathway [47].”
BackgroundReactive oxygen species are essential mediators in antigen presentation by Kupffer cells
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Constitutive expression of γ-H2AX has prognostic relevance in triple negative breast cancer
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Cdc6 contributes to cisplatin-resistance by activation of ATR-Chk1 pathway in bladder cancer cells
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“As 8- Oxo-dG can be potentially converted to DSBs, further work will be required to understand the contribution of ROS to DSB generation through this route.”
BackgroundInfluentialStrategies for Prolonged Therapy in Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
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Temporal DNA-PK activation drives genomic instability and therapy resistance in glioma stem cells
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“Downstream of the sensor kinases are the transducer kinases Chk2 (activated by ATM) and Chk1 (activated by ATR), which phosphorylate and regulate proteins involved in DDR, DNA repair and cell cycle arrest.”
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“In contrast, ROS accumulation inhibits Aurora kinase A [86], even though PLK1 and Aurora-A are epistatic in the pathway.”
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“Interestingly, oxidative stress with H2O2 increases PLK1 expression in a p53 dependent manner [84,85], but maintains a G2/M arrest.”
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High expression of phospho-H2AX predicts a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.
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“ROS lowers ARID1A expression by promoter methylation in ovarian cancers [53,54], and ARID1A loss sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to ROS inducing agent elesclomol [55].”
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“Oxidized bases occurring from ROS activity also present a physical obstacle to replication forks [37], resulting in the breakdown of replication forks at fragile sites across the genome.”
BackgroundSinglet Oxygen-Mediated Oxidation during UVA Radiation Alters the Dynamic of Genomic DNA Replication
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“ROS oxidize dNTPs to affect polymerase activity and thereby reduce replication fork velocity in vitro [34,35].”
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“ATM loss modulates mitochondrial turnover, with an increase in aberrant mitochondria and therefore ROS [40,41].”
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“Similarly, DNA-PK deficient cells accumulate higher ROS upon oxidative stress [45,46].”
BackgroundRole of imaging in predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in gastric cancer
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“have profound effects on both pro-survival and pro-death pathways [138], and may result in attenuation of specific chemotherapeutic responses [139].”
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A phase I study of imexon plus gemcitabine as first-line therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer
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“While the pro-oxidant molecule Imexon demonstrated initial promising results in advanced pancreatic cancer in combination with gemcitabine [134], a larger phase II trial demonstrated no significant survival benefit or responses (ClinicalTrials.”
BackgroundNOV-002 plus carboplatin in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents
Sies, H., & Jones, D. P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-020-0230-3 · Cited by 5,335
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“The DNA damage caused by ROS, from endogenous or exogenous sources, has been a significant breakthrough in carcinogenesis research over the last 20 years [22].”
BackgroundReactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging
Jomova, K., Raptova, R., Alomar, S. Y., Alwasel, S. H., Nepovimova, E., Kuca, K., & Valko, M. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 · Cited by 2,638
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Mitochondria in oxidative stress, inflammation and aging: from mechanisms to therapeutic advances
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Metadata
- Authors
- Srinivas, U. S., Tan, B. W. Q., Vellayappan, B. A., & Jeyasekharan, A. D.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- National University Hospital (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Jeyasekharan, Anand D.
- Venue
- Redox Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-07
- Volume
- 25
- Pages
- 101084
- ISSN
- 2213-2317 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6859528
- OpenAlex
- W2906120852
- Cited by
- 2,144
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 217 · 2025: 396 · 2024: 392 · 2023: 381 · 2022: 335 · 2021: 262 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 26
- FWCI
- 10.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Redox Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Medical Research Council (NMRC/TA/0052/2016)
- AstraZeneca
- Ministry of Health -Singapore
- Meso Scale Diagnostics
- National Research Foundation Singapore
- Ministry of Education - Singapore
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Effects of Radiation Exposure
- Keywords
- reactive oxygen species, DNA damage response, cancer, DNA double-strand breaks, genotoxic stress, anticancer agents, ionizing radiation, radiosensitizers, combination therapy, oxidative DNA damage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA Damage, DNA Repair, Humans, Neoplasms, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Apoptosis, Reactive Oxygen Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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