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Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review
Abstract
Ruminant livestock systems contribute significantly to emission of methane, a potent greenhouse gas as they waste a portion of the ingested energy (2-15%) as methane and a large proportion (75-95%) of the ingested nitrogen as ammonia. Recently, numerous researches have been conducted to evaluate plant secondary metabolites, including essential oils (EO), as natural feed additives in ruminant nutrition and to exploit their potential to improve rumen fermentation efficiency. Essential oils appeared to be very promising compounds as they selectively reduced methane production and protein breakdown in both in vitro and in vivo studies. However, in some studies, the use of EO as feed additives was accompanied with decreased feed degradability and lowered volatile fatty acid. These adverse effects could be attributed to their broad and often non-specific antimicrobial activities within the rumen. Future research should be directed to identification of the active and useful EO compounds, optimization of EO doses, and use of a whole-farm approach with a focus on animal welfare, performance and economic benefits.
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“The desirable effects of EO on the rumen physiology are mainly attributed to their phenolic compounds, which possess the potent ability to affect the activity of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (236).”
From Phytogenic Additives Can Modulate Rumen Microbiome to Mediate Fermentation Kinetics and Methanogenesis Through Exploiting Diet–Microbe Interaction (2020) · cites this paper as [236]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., & Yu, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Perugia (IT)
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cobellis, Gabriella
- ORCID
- Yu, Zhongtang
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 545-546
- Pages
- 556-568
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2219016437
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 3.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Perugia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Keywords
- essential oils, rumen modifiers, ruminant nutrition, methane mitigation, feed additives, rumen fermentation, protein degradation, volatile fatty acids, feed degradability, antimicrobial activity, greenhouse gas emissions, ammonia emissions, plant secondary metabolites
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Feed, Animal Husbandry, Diet, Oils, Volatile, Rumen, Ruminants
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