A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol
Abstract
AIMS: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oregano essential oil (OEO) and two of its principle components, i.e. thymol and carvacrol, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was assessed by using an innovative technique. The mechanism of action of the above substances was also investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The applied technique uses 100-well microtitre plate and collects turbidimetric growth data. To produce the inhibition profiles, a wide range of concentrations were tested for each of the three compounds, as well as for carvacrol-thymol mixtures. Following a specific mathematical analysis of the observed inhibition profiles from all compounds, it was suggested that mixtures of carvacrol and thymol gave an additive effect and that the overall inhibition by OEO can be attributed mainly to the additive antimicrobial action of these two compounds. Addition of low amounts of each additive: (a) increased permeability of cells to the nuclear stain EB, (b) dissipated pH gradients as indicated by the CFDA-SE fluorescent probe irrespective of glucose availability and (c) caused leakage of inorganic ions. CONCLUSION: Mixing carvacrol and thymol at proper amounts may exert the total inhibition that is evident by oregano essential oil. Such inhibition is due to damage in membrane integrity, which further affects pH homeostasis and equilibrium of inorganic ions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The knowledge of extent and mode of inhibition of specific compounds, which are present in plant extracts, may contribute to the successful application of such natural preservatives in foods, since certain combinations of carvacrol-thymol provide as high inhibition as oregano essential oil with a smaller flavour impact.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Thymol has similar antimicrobial activity to carvacrol against B. cereus, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, even though its hydroxyl group is located in a different position.
“Compared with carvacrol, thymol has similar antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, even though its hydroxyl group is located in a different position [18,20].”
From Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
Carvacrol's effect on membrane permeability was confirmed by monitoring the efflux of H+, K+, carboxyfluorescein and ATP and the influx of nucleic acid stains.
“Carvacrol’s effect on membrane permeability was confirmed monitoring the efflux of H+, K+, carboxyfluorescein and ATP and the influx of nucleic acid stains [13,20,24,28,36].”
From Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
In many conditions, such as in the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of essential oils or other antimicrobial compounds, microorganisms react by increasing their expression of stress-response proteins to repair damaged proteins.
“In many conditions, such as in the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of EOs or other antimicrobial compounds, microorganisms react by increasing their expression of the stress-response proteins [25] to repair the damaged proteins [20].”
From Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria (2013) · cites this paper as [20]
Cites
Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons
Sikkema, J., de Bont, J. A., & Poolman, B. (1995) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.59.2.201-222.1995 · Cited by 2,685 · see citing works
Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria
Helander, I. M., Alakomi, H.-L., Latva-Kala, K., Mattila-Sandholm, T., Pol, I., Smid, E. J., Gorris, L. G. M., & von Wright, A. (1998) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf980154m · Cited by 1,664 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Action of Carvacrol on the Food-Borne Pathogen <i>Bacillus cereus</i>
Ultee, A., Kets, E. P. W., & Smid, E. J. (1999) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.65.10.4606-4610.1999 · Cited by 781 · see citing works
Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Origanum Essential Oils
Sivropoulou, A., Papanikolaou, E., Nikolaou, C., Kokkini, S., Λαναράς, Θ., & Arsenakis, M. (1996) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf950540t · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Ouattara, B., SIMARD, R. E., Holley, R. A., Piette, G., & Bégin, A. (1997) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(97)00070-6 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Lambert, R. J. W., & Pearson, J. (2000) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01017.x · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Self-citationA new method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils
Mann, C. M., & Markham, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00379.x · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Natural antimicrobials from plants
Nychas, G. E. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2105-1_4 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Essential Oils from Plants on Growth of Food Spoilage Yeasts
Conner, D. E., & Beuchat, L. R. (1984) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb12437.x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
PASTER, N., Menasherov, M., Ravid, U., & JUVEN, B. J. (1995) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-58.1.81 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Assessment of viability of microorganisms employing fluorescence techniques
Breeuwer, P., & Abee, T. (2000) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00163-x · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Tsigarida, E., Skandamis, P. N., & Nychas, G. E. (2000) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01170.x · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationAntifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Origanum syriacum L.
Daouk, R. K., Dagher, S. M., & Sattout, E. J. (1995) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-58.10.1147 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Bakker, E. P., & Mangerich, W. E. (1981) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.147.3.820-826.1981 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Breeuwer, P., Drocourt, J.-L., ROMBOUTS, F. M., et al. (1996) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.62.1.178-183.1996 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Tassou, C. C., Koutsoumanis, K., & Nychas, G. E. (2000) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/s0963-9969(00)00047-8 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Self-citationHolyoak, C. D., Stratford, M., McMullin, Z., Cole, M., Crimmins, K., Brown, A. J. P., & Coote, P. J. (1996) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.62.9.3158-3164.1996 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Self-citationImproved Method for the Determination of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils in Agar Medium
Remmal, A., Bouchikhi, T., Rhayour, K., Ettayebi, M., & Tantaoui‐Elaraki, A. (1993) · Journal of Essential Oil Research · doi:10.1080/10412905.1993.9698197 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli
Gustafson, Liew, Chew, Markham, Bell, Wyllie, & Warmington (1998) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00317.x · Cited by 244 · cited 1× · see citing works
“material absorbing at 260 nm and K (Cox et al. 1998; Gustafson et al. 1998; Ultee et al. 1999).”
BackgroundSkandamis, P. N., & Nychas, G. E. (2000) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.66.4.1646-1653.2000 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationTea tree oil causes K + leakage and inhibits respiration in Escherichia coli
Cox, Gustafson, Mann, Markham, Liew, Hartland, Bell, Warmington, & Wyllie (1998) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00348.x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Basílico, M., & Basílico, J. C. (1999) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00621.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Autumn essential oils of Greek oregano
Kokkini, S., Karousou, R., Dardioti, A., Krigas, N., & Lanaras, T. (1997) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(96)00576-6 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Inhibitory effect of oregano and thyme essential oils on moulds and foodborne bacteria
PASTER, N., JUVEN, B. J., Shaaya, E., Menasherov, M., Nitzan, R., Weisslowicz, H., & Ravid, U. (1990) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1990.tb00130.x · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Carson, C. F., Hammer, K. A., & Riley, T. V. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Manou, I., Bouillard, L., Devleeschouwer, M. J., & Barel, A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00353.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Tranter, H. S., Tassou, C. C., & Nychas, G. E. (1993) · Journal of Applied Bacteriology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb03023.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of potassium transport in the generation of a pH gradient in Escherichia coli
Kroll, R. G., & Booth, I. R. (1981) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1980691 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Rapid screening of the antimicrobial activity of extracts and natural products.
CHAND, S., Lusunzi, I., Veal, D. A., et al. (1994) · The Journal of Antibiotics · doi:10.7164/antibiotics.47.1295 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Koutsoumanis, K. P., Lambropoulou, K., & Nychas, G. E. (1999) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00054-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationTassou, C. C., Drosinos, E. H., & Nychas, G. E. (1996) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-59.1.31 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationTahara, T., Oshimura, M., Umezawa, C. Y., & Kanatani, K. (1996) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.62.3.892-897.1996 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Skandamis, P. N., Tsigarida, E., & Nychas, G. E. (2000) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1023/a:1008934020409 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationFlow cytometry applications in physiological study and detection of foodborne microorganisms
Ueckert, J., Breeuwer, P., Abee, T., et al. (1995) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/0168-1605(95)00066-6 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Microbicides for the Protection of Materials
Paulus, W. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2118-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Koutsoumanis, Tassou, C. C., Taoukis, et al. (1998) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00433.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Bactericidal mode of action of plantaricin C
Gonzalez, B., Glaasker, E., Kunji, E. R. S., Driessen, A. J. M., Suárez, J. E., & Konings, W. N. (1996) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.62.8.2701-2709.1996 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Biocide-induced damage to the bacterial cyctoplasmic membrane
Denyer, S. P., & Hugo, W. B. (1991) · Society of Applied Bacteriology. Technical series · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Bracey, D., Holyoak, C. D., Caron, G. N., & Coote, P. J. (1998) · Journal of Microbiological Methods · doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(97)00095-x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationInhibition of antibacterial activity of essential oils by tween 80 and ethanol in liquid medium.
Remmal, A., Bouchikhi, T., Tantaoui‐Elaraki, A., & Ettayebi, M. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Susceptibility testing: inoculum size dependency of inhibition using the Colworth MIC technique
Lambert, R. J. W. (2000) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01105.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationCoote, P. J., Holyoak, C. D., Bracey, D., Ferdinando, D. P., & Pearce, J. A. (1998) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.42.9.2160 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of pH on the Dissimilation of Glucose by Aerobacter indologenes
Mickelson, M. N., & Werkman, C. H. (1938) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.36.1.67-76.1938 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Conner, D. E., Beuchat, L. R., Worthington, R. E., et al. (1984) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/0168-1605(84)90009-6 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—A review
Burt, S. (2004) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022 · Cited by 10,488 · see citing works
Biological effects of essential oils—A review
Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106 · Cited by 7,929 · see citing works
Hyldgaard, M., Mygind, T., & Meyer, R. L. (2012) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00012 · Cited by 2,191 · see citing works
Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria
Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2013) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph6121451 · Cited by 2,186 · see citing works
Essential Oils as Ecofriendly Biopesticides? Challenges and Constraints
Pavela, R., & Benelli, G. (2016) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.10.005 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems – A review
Calo, J. R., Crandall, P. G., O'Bryan, C. A., & Ricke, S. C. (2015) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.040 · Cited by 1,140 · see citing works
Gutierrez, J., Barry-Ryan, C., & Bourke, P. (2008) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.028 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Application of natural antimicrobials for food preservation
Tiwari, B. K., Valdramidis, V. P., O’ Donnell, C. P., Muthukumarappan, K., Bourke, P., & Cullen, P. J. (2009) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf900668n · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7
Burt, S. A., & Reinders, R. D. (2003) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01285.x · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Cristani, M., D'Arrigo, M., Mandalari, G., Castelli, F., Sarpietro, M. G., Micieli, D., Venuti, V., Bisignano, G., Saija, A., & Trombetta, D. (2007) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf070094x · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol related to its chemical structure
Ben Arfa, A., Combes, S., Preziosi-Belloy, L., Gontard, N., & Chalier, P. (2006) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01938.x · Cited by 647 · see citing works
The antibacterial mechanism of carvacrol and thymol against<i>Escherichia coli</i>
Xu, J., Zhou, F., Ji, B.-P., Pei, R.-S., & Xu, N. (2008) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02407.x · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Zengin, H., & Baysal, A. (2014) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules191117773 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health
Lillehoj, H., Liu, Y., Calsamiglia, S., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M. E., Chi, F., Cravens, R. L., Oh, S., & Gay, C. G. (2018) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s13567-018-0562-6 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Gill, A. O., & Holley, R. A. (2004) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.70.10.5750-5755.2004 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Use of botanical insecticides for sustainable agriculture: Future perspectives
Campos, E. V. R., Proença, P. L. F., Oliveira, J. L., Bakshi, M., Abhilash, P. C., & Fraceto, L. F. (2019) · Ecological Indicators · doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.038 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Ponce, A. G., Roura, S. I., del Valle, C. E., & Moreira, M. R. (2008) · Postharvest Biology and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.02.013 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Aromatic plants as a source of bioactive compounds
Christaki, E., Bonos, E., Giannenas, I., & Florou-Paneri, P. (2012) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture2030228 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Oussalah, M., Caillet, S., Saucier, L., & Lacroix, M. (2006) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2005.11.019 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: a review
Cobellis, G., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., & Yu, Z. (2016) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.103 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Turgis, M., Han, J., Caillet, S., & Lacroix, M. (2009) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2009.02.001 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Chorianopoulos, N. G., Giaouris, E. D., Skandamis, P. N., Haroutounian, S. A., & Nychas, G.-J. E. (2008) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03694.x · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationActive packaging by extrusion processing of recyclable and biodegradable polymers
Del Nobile, M. A., Conte, A., Buonocore, G. G., Incoronato, A. L., Massaro, A., & Panza, O. (2009) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2008.12.022 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Sharifi-Rad, J., Dey, A., Koirala, N., Shaheen, S., El Omari, N., Salehi, B., Goloshvili, T., Cirone Silva, N. C., Bouyahya, A., Vitalini, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.600139 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Ezzat Abd El-Hack, M., Alagawany, M., Ragab Farag, M., Tiwari, R., Karthik, K., Dhama, K., Zorriehzahra, J., & Adel, M. (2016) · Journal of Essential Oil Research · doi:10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Rattanachaikunsopon, P., & Phumkhachorn, P. (2010) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.06.010 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Oil as a Potential Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry
Abd El-Hack, M. E., Alagawany, M., Abdel-Moneim, A.-M. E., Mohammed, N. G., Khafaga, A. F., Bin-Jumah, M., Othman, S. I., Allam, A. A., & Elnesr, S. S. (2020) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics9050210 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Raybaudi-Massilia, R. M., Rojas-Graü, M. A., Mosqueda-Melgar, J., & Martín-Belloso, O. (2008) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x-71.6.1150 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
In vitro activity of carvacrol against staphylococcal preformed biofilm by liquid and vapour contact
Nostro, A., Marino, A., Blanco, A. R., Cellini, L., Di Giulio, M., Pizzimenti, F., Roccaro, A. S., & Bisignano, G. (2009) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.009274-0 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Rajaei, A., Hadian, M., Mohsenifar, A., Rahmani-Cherati, T., & Tabatabaei, M. (2017) · Food Packaging and Shelf Life · doi:10.1016/j.fpsl.2017.10.005 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Yousefi, M., Khorshidian, N., & Hosseini, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.577287 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Poudel, P., Froehlich, K., Casper, D. P., & St-Pierre, B. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7050120 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Effects of oregano essential oil on the ruminal pH and microbial population of sheep
Zhou, R., Wu, J., Zhang, L., Liu, L., Casper, D. P., Jiao, T., Liu, T., Wang, J., Lang, X., Song, S., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217054 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Olijhoek, D. W., Hellwing, A. L. F., Grevsen, K., Haveman, L. S., Chowdhury, M. R., Løvendahl, P., Weisbjerg, M. R., Noel, S. J., Højberg, O., Wiking, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-16329 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Tesser, R., Vitiello, R., Russo, V., Turco, R., Di Serio, M., Lin, L., & Li, C. (2020) · Industrial Oil Plant · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4920-5_8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lambert, R. J. W., Skandamis, P. N., Coote, P. J., & Nychas, G.-J. E.
- Affiliations
- Unilever (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Agricultural University of Athens (GR)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-09-12
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 453-462
- ISSN
- 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2672
- OpenAlex
- W2028388446
- Cited by
- 2,449
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 164 · 2015: 131 · 2014: 150 · 2013: 123 · 2012: 116
- FWCI
- 23.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Keywords
- oregano essential oil, thymol, carvacrol, minimum inhibitory concentration, antimicrobial mechanisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, pH homeostasis, electrolyte leakage, natural food preservatives
- MeSH terms
- Cymenes, Cell Membrane, Food Microbiology, Food Preservation, Homeostasis, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Phosphates, Plant Extracts, Plant Oils, Potassium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Terpenes, Thymol, Ion Transport, Monoterpenes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
