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Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are new environmental pollutants with a diameter of <5 mm, have received wide attention in recent years. However, there are still very limited data regarding the risks of MPs to animals, especially higher mammals. In this study, we exposed male mice to 5 μm pristine and fluorescent polystyrene MP for six weeks. The results showed that the polystyrene MP was observed in the guts of mice and could reduce the intestinal mucus secretion and cause damage the intestinal barrier function. In addition, high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to explore the change of the gut microbiota composition in the cecal content. At the phylum level, the content of Actinobacteria decreased significantly in the polystyrene MP-treated group. The PD whole-tree indexes of the alpha diversity and principal component analysis (PCA) of the beta diversity indicated that the diversity of gut microbiota was altered after polystyrene MP exposure. At the genus level, a total of 15 types of bacteria changed significantly after exposure to polystyrene MP. Furthermore, the predicted KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) metabolic pathway differences indicated that the main metabolic pathways of the functional genes in the microbial community were significantly influenced by the polystyrene MP. In addition, indexes of amino acid metabolism and bile acid metabolism in the serum were analyzed after polystyrene MP exposure. These results indicated that polystyrene MP caused metabolic disorders. In conclusion, the polystyrene MP induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction and metabolic disorders in mice. This study provided more data on the toxicity of MPs in a terrestrial organism to aid in the assessment of the health risks of polystyrene MP to animals.
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“and metabolic disorders (5-μm polystyrene microplastics at concentrations of 1.456×106 particles/L and 1.456×107 particles/L).31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Although some in vitro and in vivo studies examining impacts of microplastics on mammals show effects, such as intestinal barrier disfunction and alteration of biomarkers,30,31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“However, it is unclear if toxicological effects from either of these mechanisms are occurring in humans, and at what thresholds effects occur.”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Smaller nanoparticles exhibit a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing their chemical reactivity, biological interactions, cellular uptake, and tissue penetration (Jin et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2023; Teng et al., 2022).”
From Deciphering the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on erythropoiesis at single-cell resolution (2025) · cites this paper as Jin et al., 2019
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A Critical Review on Biological Impacts, Ecotoxicity, and Health Risks Associated with Microplastics
Ansari, I., Arora, C., Verma, A., Mahmoud, A. E. D., El‐Kady, M. M., Rajarathinam, R., Verma, D. K., & Mahish, P. K. (2025) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-024-07731-z · Cited by 31
“Various other study also suggests toxic effect of MPs on marine mussels, earthworms, fishes and mice (Avio et al., 2015; Dan-tas et al., 1829; Jin et al., 2019; Kazour et al., 2020; Rodríguez-Seijo et al., 2018).”
Kharaghani, D., DeLoid, G. M., He, P., Swenor, B., Bui, T. H., Zuverza‐Mena, N., Tamez, C., Musante, C., Verzi, M. P., White, J. C., et al. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137714 · Cited by 31
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“Micro-and nanoplastics represent an emerging skin and mucosal barrier toxin class: polystyrene microplastics reduced intestinal mucus secretion and damaged gut barrier function in mice, while 1 μ m particles penetrated the epithelium more readily than larger fragments [19,58].”
Epithelial barrier hypothesis and the development of allergic and autoimmune diseases
Yazıcı, D., Öğülür, İ., Küçükkase, O. C., Li, M., Rinaldi, A. O., Pat, Y., Wallimann, A., Wawrocki, S., Sözener, Z. Ç., Büyüktiryaki, B., et al. (2022) · Allergo Journal International · doi:10.1007/s40629-022-00211-y · Cited by 32
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Han, J., Yan, J., Li, K., Lin, B., Lai, W., Bian, L., Jia, R., Liu, X., & Xi, Z. (2023) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics11050441 · Cited by 32
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de Carvalho, J. G. R., Augusto, H. C., Ferraz, R., Delerue-Matos, C. M., & Fernandes, V. C. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12100762 · Cited by 33
Environmental Pollutants, Occupational Exposures, and Liver Disease
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“Animal studies demonstrate that orally ingested MPs accumulate in kidneys, liver, and lymph nodes, inducing hepatic inflammation [9], neurological responses [9], weight loss [82], impaired intestinal mucin secretion [83], and altered lipid metabolism in mice [84].”
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Autophagic response of intestinal epithelial cells exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics
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“PS-NPs triggered intestinal barrier dysfunction and systematic toxicity in mouse models.(9,24) However, in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells, PS-NPs exhibited low cytotoxicity in terms of cell viability, oxidative stress, and membrane integrity and fluidity.”
BackgroundInfluence of the polymer type of a microplastic challenge on the reaction of murine cells
Jasinski, J., Völkl, M., Wilde, M. V., Jérôme, V., Fröhlich, T., Freitag, R., & Scheibel, T. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133280 · Cited by 30
Microplastics: Challenges, toxicity, spectroscopic and real-time detection methods
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“Furthermore, studies have observed intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammation, hepatic lipid disorders, and liver fibrosis in mice treated with MPs [9–11].”
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Comparable response of wild rodent gut microbiome to anthropogenic habitat contamination
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“…that exposure to a variety of such contaminants can perturb gut microbiota diversity and composition (Chassaing et al., 2015; Goudarzi et al., 2016; Jin et al., 2019; Richardson et al., 2018), these studies were conducted with laboratory animals only (e.g., mice and rats) and lack broader…”
BackgroundDong, X., Ding, M., Zhang, J., Öğülür, İ., Pat, Y., Akdis, M., Gao, Y., & Akdiş, C. A. (2022) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000001983 · Cited by 37
“Importantly, increasing evidence indicates that exogenous noxious substances in the environment are risk factors for the airway epithelial barrier injury and leakiness, including cigarette smoke,([70,71]) diesel exhaust,([72]) ozone,([73]) particulate matter,([74,75]) nanoparticles,([76]) microplastics,([77]) detergen…”
BackgroundCombined effect of microplastic and triphenyltin: Insights from the gut-brain axis.
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Air-Pollution-Mediated Microbial Dysbiosis in Health and Disease: Lung–Gut Axis and Beyond
Mazumder, M. H. H., & Hussain, S. (2024) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox14040086 · Cited by 33
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BackgroundThe microplastic-crisis: Role of bacteria in fighting microplastic-effects in the digestive system
Pacher-Deutsch, C., Schweighofer, N., Hanemaaijer, M., Marut, W., Žukauskaitė, K., Horvath, A., & Stadlbauer, V. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125437 · Cited by 30
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Polystyrene microplastics induce potential toxicity through the gut-mammary axis
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“Previous investigations have suggested that MPs might accumulate in the liver, intestines, and kidneys, thereby causing histopathological changes 15,2 6 .”
Metadata
- Authors
- Jin, Y., Lu, L., Tu, W., Luo, T., & Fu, Z.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang University of Technology (CN)
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Fu, Zhengwei
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 649
- Pages
- 308-317
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2889479406
- Cited by
- 1,100
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 161 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 39
- FWCI
- 20.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR16B070002, 21777146)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- polystyrene microplastics, gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial metabolic pathways, amino acid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, cecal microbiota, actinobacteria
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Mice, Inbred ICR, Particle Size, Polystyrenes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Particulate Matter, Dysbiosis
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