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Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are new environmental pollutants with a diameter of <5 mm, have received wide attention in recent years. However, there are still very limited data regarding the risks of MPs to animals, especially higher mammals. In this study, we exposed male mice to 5 μm pristine and fluorescent polystyrene MP for six weeks. The results showed that the polystyrene MP was observed in the guts of mice and could reduce the intestinal mucus secretion and cause damage the intestinal barrier function. In addition, high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to explore the change of the gut microbiota composition in the cecal content. At the phylum level, the content of Actinobacteria decreased significantly in the polystyrene MP-treated group. The PD whole-tree indexes of the alpha diversity and principal component analysis (PCA) of the beta diversity indicated that the diversity of gut microbiota was altered after polystyrene MP exposure. At the genus level, a total of 15 types of bacteria changed significantly after exposure to polystyrene MP. Furthermore, the predicted KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) metabolic pathway differences indicated that the main metabolic pathways of the functional genes in the microbial community were significantly influenced by the polystyrene MP. In addition, indexes of amino acid metabolism and bile acid metabolism in the serum were analyzed after polystyrene MP exposure. These results indicated that polystyrene MP caused metabolic disorders. In conclusion, the polystyrene MP induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction and metabolic disorders in mice. This study provided more data on the toxicity of MPs in a terrestrial organism to aid in the assessment of the health risks of polystyrene MP to animals.
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“and metabolic disorders (5-μm polystyrene microplastics at concentrations of 1.456×106 particles/L and 1.456×107 particles/L).31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Although some in vitro and in vivo studies examining impacts of microplastics on mammals show effects, such as intestinal barrier disfunction and alteration of biomarkers,30,31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“However, it is unclear if toxicological effects from either of these mechanisms are occurring in humans, and at what thresholds effects occur.”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Smaller nanoparticles exhibit a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing their chemical reactivity, biological interactions, cellular uptake, and tissue penetration (Jin et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2023; Teng et al., 2022).”
From Deciphering the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on erythropoiesis at single-cell resolution (2025) · cites this paper as Jin et al., 2019
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“…and triglyceride synthesis in liver, reduction of intestinal mucus secretion (76), metabolic disorders due to alteration of intestinal microbiota (77), induction of IL-6 and IL-8 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma cells (68), induction of oxidative stress inT98G cells (63) Invertebrates and…”
BackgroundZhao, F., Liu, Z., Wu, Y., Wang, J., Xia, Y., Cheng, S., Jiang, X., Zhang, J., Zou, Z., Chen, C., et al. (2024) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ad5f7f · Cited by 7
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Production of detergent-free PET and biodegradable PBAT micro- and nanoplastics
Kogler, L., Stellnberger, S. L., Schwingenschlögl-Maisetschläger, V., Aichinger, L., Kopatz, V., Teuschl, A., Kenner, L., & Pichler, V. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138371 · Cited by 7
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“These effects are consistent with fi ndings from previous studies reporting similar outcomes in fi sh exposed to various contaminants (Hamed et al. 2019; Jin et al. 2019; Banaee et al. 2023).”
Hwang, Y.-Y., Sudirman, S., Tsai, P.-W., Mao, C.-F., Johnson, A., Chen, T., Hwang, D., & Kong, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136097 · Cited by 6
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MethodForgotten but not gone: Particulate matter as contaminations of mucosal systems
Marczynski, M., & Lieleg, O. (2021) · Biophysics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0054075 · Cited by 6
A possible role for pollutants in mental disorders via gut microbiota
Moulin, T. C., & van Egmond, L. T. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133639 · Cited by 6
MICROPLASTICS IN THE FOOD CHAINPreprint
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Microplastics in Soils and Sediment: Sources, Methodologies, and Interactions with Microorganisms
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Study of the Potential Impact of Microplastics and Additives on Human Health
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The Interplay Between Environmental Pollutants, Gut Microbiota, and Infections
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Modification of gut and airway microbiota on ozone-induced airway inflammation
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Occurrences and impacts of microplastics in soils and groundwater
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Mitigation of the Micro- and Nanoplastic Using Phycoremediation Technology
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jin, Y., Lu, L., Tu, W., Luo, T., & Fu, Z.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang University of Technology (CN)
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Fu, Zhengwei
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 649
- Pages
- 308-317
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2889479406
- Cited by
- 1,100
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 161 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 39
- FWCI
- 20.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR16B070002, 21777146)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- polystyrene microplastics, gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial metabolic pathways, amino acid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, cecal microbiota, actinobacteria
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Mice, Inbred ICR, Particle Size, Polystyrenes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Particulate Matter, Dysbiosis
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