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Impacts of polystyrene microplastic on the gut barrier, microbiota and metabolism of mice
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs), which are new environmental pollutants with a diameter of <5 mm, have received wide attention in recent years. However, there are still very limited data regarding the risks of MPs to animals, especially higher mammals. In this study, we exposed male mice to 5 μm pristine and fluorescent polystyrene MP for six weeks. The results showed that the polystyrene MP was observed in the guts of mice and could reduce the intestinal mucus secretion and cause damage the intestinal barrier function. In addition, high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was used to explore the change of the gut microbiota composition in the cecal content. At the phylum level, the content of Actinobacteria decreased significantly in the polystyrene MP-treated group. The PD whole-tree indexes of the alpha diversity and principal component analysis (PCA) of the beta diversity indicated that the diversity of gut microbiota was altered after polystyrene MP exposure. At the genus level, a total of 15 types of bacteria changed significantly after exposure to polystyrene MP. Furthermore, the predicted KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) metabolic pathway differences indicated that the main metabolic pathways of the functional genes in the microbial community were significantly influenced by the polystyrene MP. In addition, indexes of amino acid metabolism and bile acid metabolism in the serum were analyzed after polystyrene MP exposure. These results indicated that polystyrene MP caused metabolic disorders. In conclusion, the polystyrene MP induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction and metabolic disorders in mice. This study provided more data on the toxicity of MPs in a terrestrial organism to aid in the assessment of the health risks of polystyrene MP to animals.
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“and metabolic disorders (5-μm polystyrene microplastics at concentrations of 1.456×106 particles/L and 1.456×107 particles/L).31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Although some in vitro and in vivo studies examining impacts of microplastics on mammals show effects, such as intestinal barrier disfunction and alteration of biomarkers,30,31”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“However, it is unclear if toxicological effects from either of these mechanisms are occurring in humans, and at what thresholds effects occur.”
From Microplastics and Anthropogenic Particles in Recreationally Caught Freshwater Fish from an Urbanized Region of the North American Great Lakes (2024) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Smaller nanoparticles exhibit a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, enhancing their chemical reactivity, biological interactions, cellular uptake, and tissue penetration (Jin et al., 2019; Shin et al., 2023; Teng et al., 2022).”
From Deciphering the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on erythropoiesis at single-cell resolution (2025) · cites this paper as Jin et al., 2019
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“5–50 mm PS granules in the colon of mice, causing damage to the colon epithelial barrier, reducing the mucus production, inhibiting the expression of tight-junction proteins, and altering the intestinal microflora composition (Lu et al., 2018b; Jin et al., 2019; Li et al., 2020a; Qiao et al., 2021).”
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Liang, B., Huang, Y., Zhong, Y., Li, Z., Ye, R., Wang, B., Zhang, B., Meng, H., Lin, X., Du, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128459 · Cited by 249
Detrimental effects of microplastic exposure on normal and asthmatic pulmonary physiology
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Hu, J., Qin, X., Zhang, J., Zhu, Y., Zeng, W., Lin, Y., & Liu, X. (2021) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.002 · Cited by 237
Exposure to polystyrene microplastics impairs hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in mice
Lee, C., Hsu, L., Wu, I.-L., Wang, Y., Chen, W.-C., Liu, Y., Yang, L.-T., Tan, C.-L., Luo, Y.-H., Wang, C.-C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128431 · Cited by 237
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Health impacts of microplastic and nanoplastic exposure
Lamoree, M. H., van Boxel, J., Nardella, F., Houthuijs, K. J., Brandsma, S. H., Béen, F. M., & van Duursen, M. B. M. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03902-5 · Cited by 243
Soil microplastic pollution in an e-waste dismantling zone of China
Chai, B., Wei, Q., She, Y., Lu, G., Dang, Z., & Yin, H. (2020) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.048 · Cited by 223
Evaluation of Neurotoxicity in BALB/c Mice following Chronic Exposure to Polystyrene Microplastics
Jin, H., Yang, C., Jiang, C., Li, L., Pan, M., Li, D., Han, X., & Ding, J. (2022) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp10255 · Cited by 235
“To investigate whether the neurotoxicity of MPs was concentration dependent, we referred to some previous studies 5,32 and fi nally chose two concentrations, 100 and 1,000 l g = L, as experimental concentrations.”
InfluentialQiao, J., Chen, R., Wang, M., Bai, R., Cui, X., Liu, Y., Wu, C., & Chen, C. (2021) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d1nr00038a · Cited by 224
Wang, K., Li, J., Zhao, L., Mu, X., Wang, C., Wang, M., Xue, X., Qi, S., & Wu, L. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123828 · Cited by 218
Zheng, H., Wang, J., Wei, X., Chang, L., & Liu, S. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143085 · Cited by 220
Micro (nano) plastic pollution: The ecological influence on soil-plant system and human health
Allouzi, M. M. A., Tang, D. Y. Y., Chew, K. W., Rinklebe, J., Bolan, N. S., Allouzi, S. M. A., & Show, P. L. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147815 · Cited by 218
Shi, C., Han, X., Guo, W., Wu, Q., Yang, X., Wang, Y., Tang, G., Wang, S., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., et al. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107273 · Cited by 219
Liu, S., Liu, X., Jialin, G., Yang, R., Wang, H., Sun, Y., Chen, B., & Dong, R. (2022) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.2c04706 · Cited by 227
Occurrence of Microplastics in Tap and Bottled Water: Current Knowledge
Gambino, I., Bagordo, F., Grassi, T., Panico, A., & De Donno, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095283 · Cited by 213
“Other toxic effects regarded lipid metabolism, microbiota, neurotoxicity, inflammatory and immunological responses, cytotoxic effects, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibition of plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity [47,52,55].”
BackgroundDeng, Y., Yan, Z., Shen, R., Huang, Y., Ren, H., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124644 · Cited by 213
Bioretention cells remove microplastics from urban stormwater
Smyth, K., Drake, J., Li, Y., Rochman, C., Van Seters, T., & Passeport, E. (2021) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116785 · Cited by 226
‘Plasticosis’: Characterising macro- and microplastic-associated fibrosis in seabird tissues
Charlton-Howard, H. S., Bond, A. L., Rivers‐Auty, J., & Lavers, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131090 · Cited by 239
Wang, S., Han, Q., Wei, Z., Wang, Y., Xie, J., & Chen, M. (2022) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2022.112904 · Cited by 211
Shengchen, W., Jing, L., Yujie, Y., Yue, W., & Xu, S. (2021) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125962 · Cited by 209
Microplastic Toxicity in Aquatic Organisms and Aquatic Ecosystems: a Review
Rakib, M. R. J., Sarker, A., Ram, K., Uddin, M. G., Walker, T. R., Chowdhury, T., Uddin, J., Khandaker, M. U., Rahman, M. M., & Idris, A. M. (2023) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-023-06062-9 · Cited by 214
“The biochemical mechanism of MP toxicity may include alteration of lipid metabolism, interaction of ROS in the bloodstream, formation of gut barriers, and dysbiosis of gut-inhabiting microbiota (e.g., Deng et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2018; Jin et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPotent Impact of Plastic Nanomaterials and Micromaterials on the Food Chain and Human Health
Wang, Y., Lee, Y., Chiu, I., Lin, Y., & Chiu, H. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051727 · Cited by 222
“PS microplastics can affect amino acid metabolism by increasing arginine and tyrosine and affect bile acid metabolism by mediating the levels of taurocholic acid (TCA),β-muricholic acid (βMCA), adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 11 (Abcb11) and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) [87].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Jin, Y., Lu, L., Tu, W., Luo, T., & Fu, Z.
- Affiliations
- Zhejiang University of Technology (CN)
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Fu, Zhengwei
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-02
- Volume
- 649
- Pages
- 308-317
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2889479406
- Cited by
- 1,100
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 161 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 39
- FWCI
- 20.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LR16B070002, 21777146)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- polystyrene microplastics, gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, microbial metabolic pathways, amino acid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, cecal microbiota, actinobacteria
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Environmental Pollutants, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Mice, Inbred ICR, Particle Size, Polystyrenes, Gastrointestinal Tract, Mice, Particulate Matter, Dysbiosis
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