Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater and surface water in the Turin metropolitan area (Italy): An attempt to unravel potential point sources and compliance with environmental/drinking water quality standards
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The study investigated the contribution of five potential point source categories on the occurrence of 19 highly hazardous perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater from the Turin metropolitan area (Italy) and assessed the quality of groundwater and surface water in compliance with European and Italian guidelines. PFASs were revealed in 29 and 24 % of the investigated shallow (unconfined aquifers) and deep (semi- and confined aquifers) wells with a total concentration, as a sum (ΣPFASs), of 0.01–0.71 and 0.01–0.16 μg/L, respectively. The PFAS occurrence in shallow groundwaters appeared more related to (potentially-) contaminated and reclaimed areas, landfills and waste management plants rather than plants subjected to integrated environmental authorisations and wastewater treatment plants. Overall, PFAS occurrences increased with the degree of industrialisation and urbanisation in both unconfined and (semi-) confined aquifers. PFASs were found in 96 % of the sampling sites in streams with ΣPFASs values of 0.0002–0.47 μg/L, whilst they do not occur in the investigated lake. A slight correlation was found between wastewater treatment plants and the occurrence of PFASs in streams. The annual ΣPFASs loads downstream of the Turin metropolitan Area were estimated around 150–220 kg. Exceedances of the environmental and drinking water quality standards of Italy and Europe were frequently revealed. • Some exceedances of environmental/drinking quality standards of PFASs are revealed. • Exceedances occurred more in the unconfined than (semi-)confined aquifers. • PFASs in shallow groundwaters originate from contaminated areas and waste plants. • No evidence of PFAS releases is seen for industrial and wastewater treatment plants • PFAS mass loads in streams were slightly correlated with wastewater treatment plants
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PFAS have been widely reported in European surface water, sediment, and biota.
“Across Europe, PFAS have been widely reported in surface water, sediment, and biota [6,7,8,9].”
From Integrated Targeted and Suspect Screening Workflow for Identifying PFAS of Concern in Urban-Impacted Serbian Rivers (2026) · cites this paper as [9]
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Mishra, S., Raj, R., Dubey, B., & Ghangrekar, M. M. (2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394343935.ch6
Bello, A., Cara, M., Bello, D., Biswas, K., Kola, A., Merkuri, J., Kala, A., Ojo, A., & Baraj, B. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6248513
Delgado-Moreno, L., Rodríguez‐Liébana, J. A., Martín-Lara, M. Á., Calero, M., & Godoy, V. (2026) · The handbook of environmental chemistry · doi:10.1007/698_2026_1252
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Pilling, S., Mitchell, K., & Ramdass, P. V. A. K. (2026) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics14040337 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Regions with known PFAS contamination, such as Northern Italy, have produced important mechanistic and biomonitoring studies [58]; however, epidemiological studies examining endometriosis risk in these populations remain limited, restricting the global generalizability of the findings.”
Cara, M., Bello, D., Biswas, K., Kola, A., Merkuri, J., Kala, A., Ojo, A., Baraj, B., & Bello, A. (2026) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2026.125299
Akhilghosh, K. A., Muthuchamy, M., & Muthukumar, A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45503-2.00005-4
- Authors
- Randazzo, A., Pavan, F., Gea, M., & Maffiotti, A.
- Affiliations
- Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale del Piemonte (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Randazzo, A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-01
- Volume
- 958
- Pages
- 177973
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4405312839
- Semantic Scholar
- 976846eade8561b03b9b9f583a2f92811110d6b8
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Quality and Resources Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Keywords
- perfluorinated compounds, PFAS contamination, groundwater, surface water, drinking water standards, point source detection, landfill contamination, wastewater treatment plants, urbanization, industrialization, unconfined aquifer, confined aquifer, Turin metropolitan area
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