Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic differentials of C-reactive protein levels: a systematic review of population-based studies
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BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic factors strongly influence cardiovascular disease outcomes and risk factors. C-reactive protein (CRP), a non-specific marker of inflammation, is associated with cardiovascular risk, and knowledge about its distribution in the population may help direct preventive efforts. A systematic review was undertaken to critically assess CRP levels according to socioeconomic and racial/ethnic factors. METHODS: Medline was searched through December 2006 for population-based studies examining CRP levels among adults with respect to indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) and/or race/ethnicity. Bibliographies from located studies were scanned and 26 experts in the field were contacted for unpublished work. RESULTS: Thirty-two relevant articles were located. Cross-sectional (n = 20) and cohort studies (n = 11) were included, as was the control group of one trial. CRP levels were examined with respect to SEP and race/ethnicity in 25 and 15 analyses, respectively. Of 20 studies that were unadjusted or adjusted for demographic variables, 19 found inverse associations between CRP levels and SEP. Of 15 similar studies, 14 found differences between racial/ethnic groups such that whites had the lowest while blacks, Hispanics and South Asians had the highest CRP levels. Most studies also included adjustment for potential mediating variables in the causal chain between SEP or race/ethnicity and CRP. Most of these studies showed attenuated but still significant associations. CONCLUSION: Increasing poverty and non-white race was associated with elevated CRP levels among adults. Most analyses in the literature are underestimating the true effects of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors due to adjustment for mediating factors.
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SES predicts basal levels of inflammatory markers as well as change in levels over time.
“SES predicts basal levels of inflammatory markers (22,23) as well as change in levels over time (24).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [23]
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Chapman, A., & Santos-Lozada, A. R. (2020) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100663 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Nazmi, A., & Victora, C. G.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Nazmi, Aydin
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2007-08-17
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 212-212
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2018719
- OpenAlex
- W2070009842
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- C-reactive protein, socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic disparities, inflammation, cardiovascular risk, poverty, black-white disparities, Hispanic population, South Asian populations, mediators, cardiovascular disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Cardiovascular Diseases, Demography, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Biomarkers, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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