Inflammatory exposure drives long-lived impairment of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal activity and accelerated aging
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) mediate regeneration of the hematopoietic system following injury, such as following infection or inflammation. These challenges impair HSC function, but whether this functional impairment extends beyond the duration of inflammatory exposure is unknown. Unexpectedly, we observed an irreversible depletion of functional HSCs following challenge with inflammation or bacterial infection, with no evidence of any recovery up to 1 year afterward. HSCs from challenged mice demonstrated multiple cellular and molecular features of accelerated aging and developed clinically relevant blood and bone marrow phenotypes not normally observed in aged laboratory mice but commonly seen in elderly humans. In vivo HSC self-renewal divisions were absent or extremely rare during both challenge and recovery periods. The progressive, irreversible attrition of HSC function demonstrates that temporally discrete inflammatory events elicit a cumulative inhibitory effect on HSCs. This work positions early/mid-life inflammation as a mediator of lifelong defects in tissue maintenance and regeneration.
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Inflammatory exposure induces long-term impairment of HSC self-renewal and accelerates their functional aging, contributing to persistent immune dysregulation.
“Moreover, Bogeska et al. showed that inflammatory exposure induces long-term impairment of HSC self-renewal and accelerates their functional aging, contributing to persistent immune dysregulation [83].”
From Chronic Stress and Autoimmunity: The Role of HPA Axis and Cortisol Dysregulation (2025) · cites this paper as [83]
The Results report that inflammatory challenges caused lasting HSC functional decline and that LT-HSCs failed to self-renew during challenge and recovery. The Discussion reports accelerated HSC aging and later blood and bone-marrow abnormalities in exposed mice. It discusses immune suppression as a possible age-associated consequence, but does not establish that the observed HSC changes contributed to persistent immune dysregulation. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRepetitive sterile inflammation results in hypomethylation of promoters of inflammatory response genes, leading to the conclusion that self-renewal is epigenetically regulated in this model.
“while repetitive sterile inflammation did not result in major gene expression changes, it resulted in hypomethylation of promoters of inflammatory (particularly interferon) response genes, leading them to conclude that self-renewal is epigenetically regulated in this model.”
From Clonal hematopoiesis and inflammation – the perpetual cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
The Results section reports no profound sustained gene-expression changes in most LT-HSCs and identifies hypomethylation of promoters of interferon/inflammatory-response genes after inflammatory challenge. It says this demonstrates a lack of self-renewal at the epigenetic level, but does not establish that methylation changes regulate self-renewal; that causal conclusion goes beyond the passage. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInflammation drives impaired self-renewal activity and accelerates aging of HSCs.
“Inflammation drives impaired self-renewal activity and accelerates aging of HSCs. Exposure to inflammatory stimuli during the early to mid-life stages in mice can lead to the eventual development of peripheral blood hemocytopenia, bone marrow (BM) cytopenia, and BM adipocyte accumulation, features that together constitute typical features of hematopoiesis in the elderly.17”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
Chronic pro-inflammatory signaling due to chronic infections or repetitive sterile inflammation is detrimental to HSPC self-renewal, promoting loss of quiescence and differentiation.
“Chronic pro-inflammatory signaling due to chronic infections or repetitive sterile inflammation, however, has been shown to be detrimental to HSPC self-renewal, promoting loss of quiescence and differentiation [61–65].”
From Clonal hematopoiesis and inflammation – the perpetual cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
The demise of the functional stem cell population with chronic inflammation is due to increased proliferation of HSPCs, not systemic inhibitory effects of inflammation on hematopoiesis.
“the authors showed that the demise of the functional stem cell population was not due to systemic inhibitory effects of inflammation on hematopoiesis but was due to increased proliferation of HSPCs, as label-retaining long-term HSPCs did not lose their repopulating capacity with chronic inflammation [65].”
From Clonal hematopoiesis and inflammation – the perpetual cycle (2023) · cites this paper as [65]
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Hematopoietic Stem Cells and the Immune System in Development and Aging
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“Mouse studies further show that both IFNα and IFNγ drive dormant HSCs into the cell cycle 77,78 , and repeated HSC activation leads to functional attrition and accelerated ageing phenotypes, characterized by increased myeloid differentiation and reduced clonal diversity 79 (Fig.”
Bone Marrow Immune Microenvironment in Myelodysplastic Syndromes
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Genotoxic aldehyde stress prematurely ages hematopoietic stem cells in a p53-driven manner
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Stem-Cell Aging and Pathways to Precancer Evolution
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Forged in the fire: Lasting impacts of inflammation on hematopoietic progenitors
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Aged hematopoietic stem cells entrap regulatory T cells to create a prosurvival microenvironment
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IRF1 regulates self-renewal and stress responsiveness to support hematopoietic stem cell maintenance
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Immune aging and infectious diseases
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“[ 87 ] Therefore, inflammaging impairs self-renewal activity and accelerates the aging of HSCs. Aged HSCs tend to differentiate more toward myeloid lineages, resulting in fewer lymphocyte precursors, specifically affecting T-and B-cell production [ Figure 3C ].”
Inflammageing and clonal haematopoiesis interplay and their impact on human disease
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Fate of Hematopoiesis During Aging. What Do We Really Know, and What are its Implications?
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Influenza A virus infection instructs hematopoiesis to megakaryocyte-lineage output.
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“It is uncertain whether the functional impairment of HSCs caused by these stresses persists beyond the period of inflammatory exposure [3].”
BackgroundThe biology of hematopoietic stem cells and its clinical implications
Skulimowska, I., Sośniak, J., Gońka, M., Szade, A., Józkowicz, A., & Szade, K. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16192 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
DRAG in situ barcoding reveals an increased number of HSPCs contributing to myelopoiesis with age
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Aging microenvironment in osteoarthritis focusing on early-stage alterations and targeted therapies
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“111 These results implied that the interaction of immune response and stem cells could contribute to OA progressive cartilage degeneration, indicating that early intervention of immune homeostatic imbalance is the window of opportunity for OA treatment.”
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Identification of a human hematopoietic stem cell subset that retains memory of inflammatory stressPreprint
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How age affects human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the strategies to mitigate aging
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Chronic inflammation decreases HSC fitness by activating the druggable Jak/Stat3 signaling pathway
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“…mice challenged with pathogens, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:pC) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exhibited functional defects in HSCs (Baldridge et al , 2010; Esplin et al , 2011; Zhao et al , 2013; Walter et al , 2015; Matatall et al , 2016; Isringhausen et al , 2021; Bogeska et al , 2022).”
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Haematopoietic ageing in health and lifespan
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“…are at the level of DNA damage 20–22 , epigenetics (DNA hypermethylation and histone post-translational modifications 23–27 , H4K16ac polarity 28–31 , increased overall chromatin accessibility 17,32 ), metabolism (high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 33 , mitochondrial stress 34 ),…”
Self-citationReversing lysosomal dysfunction restores youthful state in aged hematopoietic stem cells
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New insight into the causes, consequences, and correction of hematopoietic stem cell aging
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Self-citationSuppression of thrombospondin-1–mediated inflammaging prolongs hematopoietic health span
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Role of chemokines in aging and age-related diseases
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“One possible source could be many pro-inflammatory SASP factors which are released from senescent cells present in aged peripheral tissues (Fujino et al. 2022; Bogeska et al. 2022).”
Chen, Z., Mao, Z., Tang, W., Shi, Y., Liu, J., & You, Y. (2025) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-025-00517-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“5) [79, 158, 163–165].”
Zhao, H., & Deininger, M. W. (2023) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2022017152 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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“33 For example, recent work has shown that in fl ammatory exposures create long-term impairment of HSC self-renewal and accelerate hematopoietic aging, 37 and reduce the fi tness of B-cell progenitors, creating an environment that selects for cells harboring oncogenic mutations.”
Self-citationLinking cell cycle to hematopoietic stem cell fate decisions
Treichel, S., & Filippi, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1231735 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Amodel where HSCs replicate into gradually less functional progeny has been shown to occur under mild inflammatory conditions (Qiu et al., 2014; Bernitz et al., 2016; Bogeska et al., 2022).”
BackgroundBeyond “to divide or not to divide”: Kinetics matters in hematopoietic stem cells
Johnson, C., Belluschi, S., & Laurenti, E. (2020) · Experimental Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2020.11.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Temporal dynamics of TNF-mediated changes in hematopoietic stem cell function and recovery
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“Similarly, chronic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pI:pC) stimulation reduced the repopulating capacity of HSCs, albeit without exhaustion of HSCs in the primary hosts.(12,13) By contrast, the impaired HSC repopulation ability after chronic stimulation with IL-1 could be fully restored upon removal of the stimulus an…”
BackgroundInflammation in myelodysplastic syndrome pathogenesis
Rodríguez‐Sevilla, J. J., & Colla, S. (2024) · Seminars in Hematology · doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2024.09.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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The Quest for Eternal Youth: Hallmarks of Aging and Rejuvenating Therapeutic Strategies
Nunkoo, V. S., Cristian, A., Jurcău, A., Diaconu, R. G., & Jurcău, M. C. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12112540 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bone marrow niches for hematopoietic stem cells in homeostasis and aging
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Human haematopoietic stem cells remember inflammatory stress
Zeng, A. G. X., Nagree, M. S., Jakobsen, N. A., Shah, S., Varesi, A., Kang, J. R. W., Murison, A., Cheong, J.-G., Turkalj, S., Zhang, X., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10522-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Finally, as HSC-iM enrichment can reflect the systemic level of inflammation in unhealthy individuals, some of the disease correlations attributed to CH status in current literature may potentially reflect survivorship bias of an earlier HSC-iM-driven inflammatory state 1,4 .”
Cellular stress and epigenetic regulation in adult stem cells
Llewellyn, J., Baratam, R., Culig, L., & Beerman, I. (2024) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202302083 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In another study, fi ndings reveal that such impairments can be irreversible, with no recovery observed even after a year (108).”
BackgroundHow stem cells respond to infection, inflammation and ageing
Poirier, E. Z. (2025) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-025-01203-z · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“3).”
Hu, H., Mei, J., Mei, L., Wu, X., Lin, H., & Chen, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.996863 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Recently, it has been found that long-term stimulation by chronic inflammation causes a significant decrease in the proliferative capacity of hematopoietic stem cells, the origin of immune cells, resulting in accumulative and irreversible functional damage and long-term suppressive effects on hematopoiesis, further co…”
BackgroundGuan, D., Yang, Y., Pang, M., Liu, X., Li, Y., Huang, P., Shang, H., Wei, H., & Ye, Z. (2023) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-023-04732-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Inflammation is a key insult driving HSPC injury and inhibition of systemic inflammation confer protection against radiation damage [42, 43].”
Single-cell time series analysis reveals the dynamics of HSPC response to inflammation
Bouman, B. J., Demerdash, Y., Sood, S., Grünschläger, F., Pilz, F., Itani, A. R., Kuck, A., Marot-Lassauzaie, V., Haas, S. F., Haghverdi, L., et al. (2023) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202302309 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This indicates irreversible changes that leave a mark in the activated cells (Bogeska et al, 2022).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIn vivo models of subclonal oncogenesis and dependency in hematopoietic malignancy
Bowman, R. L., Dunbar, A. J., Mishra, T., Xiao, W., Waarts, M., Maestre, I. F., Eisman, S. E., Cai, L., Mowla, S., Shah, N., et al. (2024) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2024.10.009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hematopoietic stem cell a reservoir of innate immune memory
Ruffinatto, L., Groult, Y., Iacono, J., Sarrazin, S., & de Laval, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1491729 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The genetic determinants of recurrent somatic mutations in 43,693 blood genomes
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Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells by tyrosine-unphosphorylated STAT5 and JAK inhibition
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“A recent work shows that inflammation insult, even in the early lifetime, causes permanent impairment and premature aging of HSCs (Bogeska et al., 2022).”
InfluentialVEXAS: A review of current understandings and emerging treatment strategies
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Restoring resident tissue macrophages to combat aging and cancer
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From complexity to clarity: aging bone marrow niche in bone and blood regeneration and malignancy
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“Inflammatory stimulation of mice in early to middle age results in eventual peripheral haemocytopenia, bone marrow cytopenia, and build-up of bone marrow adipocytes, which together constitute typical features of hematopoiesis in elderly humans [16].”
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“Prolonged exposure to chronic inflammation exacerbates HSC senescence, further impairing their function [12,13].”
- Authors
- Bogeska, R., Mikecin, A.-M., Kaschutnig, P., Fawaz, M., Büchler-Schäff, M., Le, D., Ganuza, M., Vollmer, A., Paffenholz, S. V., Asada, N., Rodriguez-Correa, E., Frauhammer, F., Buettner, F., Ball, M., Knoch, J., Stäble, S., Walter, D., Petri, A., Carreño-Gonzalez, M. J., Wagner, V., Brors, B., Haas, S., Lipka, D. B., Essers, M. A. G., Weru, V., Holland-Letz, T., Mallm, J.-P., Rippe, K., Krämer, S., Schlesner, M., McKinney Freeman, S., Florian, M. C., King, K. Y., Frenette, P. S., Rieger, M. A., & Milsom, M. D.
- Affiliations
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- University Hospital Frankfurt (DE)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- University of Augsburg (DE)
- Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (ES)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Milsom, Michael D.
- ORCID
- Bogeska, Ruzhica
- Mikecin, Ana-Matea
- Le, Duy
- Ganuza, Miguel
- Asada, Noboru
- Rodriguez-Correa, Esther
- Buettner, Florian
- Stäble, Sina
- Carreño-Gonzalez, Martha J.
- Brors, Benedikt
- Haas, Simon
- Lipka, Daniel B.
- Essers, Marieke A.G.
- Weru, Vivienn
- Mallm, Jan-Philipp
- Rippe, Karsten
- Schlesner, Matthias
- Florian, Maria Carolina
- King, Katherine Y.
- Frenette, Paul S.
- Rieger, Michael A.
- Milsom, Michael D.
- Venue
- Cell Stem Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-08
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1273-1284.e8
- ISSN
- 1875-9777 (ISSN-L)
- 1934-5909
- PMC
- PMC9357150
- OpenAlex
- W4286254590
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 88 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 40.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 368 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell stem cell (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- MDC Repository (Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- OPUS (Augsburg University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- Medical Research Council (MR/V009222/1)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (F31HL154661, R35HL155672)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK112976, R01DK056638)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Mesenchymal stem cell research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Blood disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- hematopoietic stem cells, HSC self-renewal, inflammation, bacterial infection, accelerated aging, HSC depletion, bone marrow aging, tissue regeneration
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Animals, Bone Marrow, Hematopoiesis, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Humans, Inflammation, Mice
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