Succinate: a metabolic signal in inflammation
Open accessAbstract
Succinate is an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and plays a crucial role in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation in mitochondria. Recently, new roles for succinate outside metabolism have emerged. Succinate stabilizes the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in specific tumors and in activated macrophages, and stimulates dendritic cells via its receptor succinate receptor 1. Furthermore, succinate has been shown to post-translationally modify proteins. This expanding repertoire of functions for succinate suggests a broader role in cellular activation. We review the new roles of succinate and draw parallels to other metabolites such as NAD(+) and citrate whose roles have expanded beyond metabolism and into signaling.
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Succinate is emerging as an important signalling molecule.
“Succinate, an intermediate of the TCA cycle, is emerging as an important signalling molecule207.”
From Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [207]
Various other pathways, such as the GABA shunt and glutaminolysis, contribute to succinate synthesis in macrophages and could allow compensation.
“As noted above, various other pathways (e.g.GABA shunt, glutaminolysis) contribute to succinate synthesis in macrophages and could allow compensation (9, 13, 14).”
From Immunoresponsive Gene 1 and Itaconate Inhibit Succinate Dehydrogenase to Modulate Intracellular Succinate Levels (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Numerous metabolic pathways have been implicated in the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, particularly those that regulate succinate levels, which can influence HIF signaling or other pathways.
“Numerous metabolic pathways have been implicated in the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, in particular those that regulate succinate levels, which, in turn, can influence HIF signaling or other pathways (13,25,40,41).”
From Immunoresponsive Gene 1 and Itaconate Inhibit Succinate Dehydrogenase to Modulate Intracellular Succinate Levels (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Mills, E., & O’Neill, L. A. J.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- ORCID
- Mills, Evanna
- Venue
- Trends in Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 313-320
- ISSN
- 0962-8924 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097080185
- Semantic Scholar
- 2206bd3797e06f65c8cc5d2edc2dda9f1caf8760
- Cited by
- 741
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 78 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Trends in Cell Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Keywords
- succinic acid, inflammation, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α stabilization, SUCNR1, succinate signaling, post-translational modification, macrophages, dendritic cells, TCA cycle, mitochondrial metabolism, NAD+, citrate, cancer metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Citric Acid Cycle, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, Signal Transduction, Inflammation Mediators, Succinic Acid, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit, Adaptive Immunity
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