Making RISC
Abstract
It is well established that 20- to 30-nt small RNAs, including small interfering RNAs, microRNAs and Piwi-interacting RNAs, play crucial roles in regulating gene expression and control a surprisingly diverse array of biological processes. These small RNAs cannot work alone: they must form effector ribonucleoprotein complexes - RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) - to exert their function. Thus, RISC assembly is a key process in small RNA-mediated silencing. Recent biochemical analyses of RISC assembly, together with new structural studies of Argonaute, the core protein component of RISC, suggest a revised view of how mature RISC, which contains single-stranded guide RNA, is built from small RNAs that are born double-stranded.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The minimal miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) consists of the guide strand and AGO.
“The minimal miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) consists of the guide strand and AGO (46).”
From Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation (2018) · cites this paper as [46]
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: Secondary siRNAs Result from Unprimed RNA Synthesis and Form a Distinct Class
Sijen, T., Steiner, F. A., Thijssen, K. L., & Plasterk, R. H. A. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1136699 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
RetractedOrigins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs
Carthew, R. W., & Sontheimer, E. J. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.035 · Cited by 5,023 · see citing works
Prediction of Mammalian MicroRNA Targets
Lewis, B. P., Shih, I.-H., Jones-Rhoades, M. W., Bartel, D. P., & Burge, C. B. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)01018-3 · Cited by 4,333 · see citing works
MicroRNA Targeting Specificity in Mammals: Determinants beyond Seed Pairing
Grimson, A., Farh, K. K.-H., Johnston, W. K., Garrett-Engele, P., Lim, L. P., & Bartel, D. P. (2007) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.06.017 · Cited by 3,766 · see citing works
RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22-nucleotide RNAsPreprint
Elbashir, S. M., Lendeckel, W., & Tuschl, T. (2001) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.862301 · Cited by 3,308 · see citing works
Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals
Kim, V. N., Han, J., & Siomi, M. C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2632 · Cited by 3,181 · see citing works
Functional siRNAs and miRNAs exhibit strand bias
Khvorova, A., Reynolds, A., & Jayasena, S. D. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00801-8 · Cited by 2,645 · see citing works
Principles of MicroRNA–Target Recognition
Brennecke, J., Stark, A., Russell, R. B., & Cohen, S. M. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030085 · Cited by 2,384 · see citing works
Argonaute2 is the catalytic engine of mammalian RNAi
Liu, J., Carmell, M. A., Rivas, F. V., Marsden, C. G., Thomson, J. M., Song, J.-J., Hammond, S. M., Joshua-Tor, L., & Hannon, G. J. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102513 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
Asymmetry in the Assembly of the RNAi Enzyme Complex
Schwarz, D. S., Hutvágner, G., Du, T., Xu, Z., Aronin, N., & Zamore, P. D. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00759-1 · Cited by 2,323 · see citing works
Small silencing RNAs: an expanding universe
Ghildiyal, M., & Zamore, P. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/nrg2504 · Cited by 2,314 · see citing works
Human Argonaute2 mediates RNA cleavage targeted by miRNAs and siRNAs
Meister, G., Landthaler, M., Patkaniowska, A., Dorsett, Y., Teng, G., & Tuschl, T. (2004) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.07.007 · Cited by 1,718 · see citing works
Specificity of microRNA target selection in translational repressionPreprint
Doench, J. G., & Sharp, P. A. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1184404 · Cited by 1,642 · see citing works
Molecular Basis for the Recognition of Primary microRNAs by the Drosha-DGCR8 Complex
Han, J., Lee, Y., Yeom, K., Nam, J., Heo, I., Rhee, J., Sohn, S. Y., Cho, Y., Zhang, B.-T., & Kim, V. N. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.043 · Cited by 1,552 · see citing works
Single-stranded antisense siRNAs guide target RNA cleavage in RNAi.
Martı̂nez, J., Patkaniowska, A., Urlaub, H., Lührmann, R., & Tuschl, T. (2002) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(02)00908-x · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Crystal Structure of Argonaute and Its Implications for RISC Slicer Activity
Song, J., Smith, S. K., Hannon, G. J., & Joshua‐Tor, L. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102514 · Cited by 1,465 · see citing works
A Distinct Small RNA Pathway Silences Selfish Genetic Elements in the Germline
Vagin, V. V., Sigova, A. A., Li, C., Seitz, H., Gvozdev, V. A., & Zamore, P. D. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1129333 · Cited by 1,342 · see citing works
Sorting of Small RNAs into Arabidopsis Argonaute Complexes Is Directed by the 5′ Terminal Nucleotide
Mi, S., Cai, T., Hu, Y., Chen, Y., Hodges, E. C., Ni, F., Wu, L., Li, S., Zhou, H., Long, C., et al. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.034 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Distinct Roles for Drosophila Dicer-1 and Dicer-2 in the siRNA/miRNA Silencing Pathways
Lee, Y. S., Nakahara, K., Pham, J. W., Kim, K., He, Z., Sontheimer, E. J., & Carthew, R. W. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00261-2 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Human RISC Couples MicroRNA Biogenesis and Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing
Gregory, R. I., Chendrimada, T. P., Cooch, N., & Shiekhattar, R. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.022 · Cited by 1,268 · see citing works
Kanellopoulou, C., Muljo, S. A., Kung, A. L., Ganesan, S., Drapkin, R., Jenuwein, T., Livingston, D. M., & Rajewsky, K. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1248505 · Cited by 1,256 · see citing works
ATP Requirements and Small Interfering RNA Structure in the RNA Interference Pathway
Nykänen, A., Haley, B., & Zamore, P. D. (2001) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00547-5 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Passenger-Strand Cleavage Facilitates Assembly of siRNA into Ago2-Containing RNAi Enzyme Complexes
Matranga, C., Tomari, Y., Shin, C., Bartel, D. P., & Zamore, P. D. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.044 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Self-citationPerspective: machines for RNAiPreprint
Tomari, Y., & Zamore, P. D. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1284105 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinct roles for Argonaute proteins in small RNA-directed RNA cleavage pathwaysPreprint
岡村, 勝., Ishizuka, A., Siomi, H., & Siomi, M. C. (2004) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1210204 · Cited by 833 · see citing works
Argonaute2 Cleaves the Anti-Guide Strand of siRNA during RISC Activation
Rand, T., Petersen, S., Du, F., & Wang, X. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.020 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Montgomery, T. A., Howell, M. D., Cuperus, J. T., Li, D., Hansen, J. E., Alexander, A. L., Chapman, E. J., Fahlgren, N., Allen, E. M., & Carrington, J. C. (2008) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.02.033 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Purified Argonaute2 and an siRNA form recombinant human RISC
Rivas, F. V., Tolia, N. H., Song, J., Aragon, J. P., Liu, J., Hannon, G. J., & Joshua‐Tor, L. (2005) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb918 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
R2D2, a Bridge Between the Initiation and Effector Steps of the Drosophila RNAi Pathway
Liu, Q., Rand, T., Kalidas, S., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1088710 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Diederichs, S., & Haber, D. A. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.10.032 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Characterization of Dicer-deficient murine embryonic stem cells
Murchison, E. P., Partridge, J. F., Tam, O. H., Cheloufi, S., & Hannon, G. J. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0505479102 · Cited by 684 · see citing works
MicroRNA control of PHABULOSA in leaf development: importance of pairing to the microRNA 5′ region
Mallory, A. C., Reinhart, B. J., Jones-Rhoades, M. W., Tang, G., Zamore, P. D., Barton, M. K., & Bartel, D. P. (2004) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600340 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Structural basis for 5′-end-specific recognition of guide RNA by the A. fulgidus Piwi protein
Ma, J., Yuan, Y. A., Meister, G., Pei, Y., Tuschl, T., & Patel, D. J. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03514 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Distinct Populations of Primary and Secondary Effectors During RNAi in C. elegans
Pak, J., & Fire, A. Z. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1132839 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
A Protein Sensor for siRNA Asymmetry
Tomari, Y., Matranga, C. B., Haley, B., Martinez, N. J., & Zamore, P. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102755 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Self-citationStructure of an argonaute silencing complex with a seed-containing guide DNA and target RNA duplex
Wang, Y., Juranek, S., Li, H., Sheng, G., Tuschl, T., & Patel, D. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07666 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
Förstemann, K., Tomari, Y., Du, T., Vagin, V. V., Denli, A. M., Bratu, D. P., Klattenhoff, C., Theurkauf, W. E., & Zamore, P. D. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030236 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Self-citationNucleation, propagation and cleavage of target RNAs in Ago silencing complexes
Wang, Y., Juranek, S., Li, H., Sheng, G., Wardle, G. S., Tuschl, T., & Patel, D. J. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08434 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Structure of the guide-strand-containing argonaute silencing complex
Wang, Y., Sheng, G., Juranek, S., Tuschl, T., & Patel, D. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07315 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Structural insights into mRNA recognition from a PIWI domain–siRNA guide complex
Parker, J. S., Roe, S. M., & Barford, D. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03462 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
RNAi: The Nuts and Bolts of the RISC Machine
Filipowicz, W. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.023 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Kinetic analysis of the RNAi enzyme complex
Haley, B., & Zamore, P. D. (2004) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb780 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Takeda, A., Iwasaki, S., Watanabe, T., Utsumi, M., & Watanabe, Y. (2008) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/pcp/pcn043 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Förstemann, K., Horwich, M. D., Wee, L. M., Tomari, Y., & Zamore, P. D. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.056 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Self-citationProcessing of Pre-microRNAs by the Dicer-1–Loquacious Complex in Drosophila Cells
Saito, K., Ishizuka, A., Siomi, H., & Siomi, M. C. (2005) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030235 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
In vitro reconstitution of the human RISC-loading complex
MacRae, I. J., Ma, E., Zhou, M., Robinson, C. V., & Doudna, J. A. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0710869105 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
A Dicer-2-Dependent 80S Complex Cleaves Targeted mRNAs during RNAi in Drosophila
Pham, J. W., Pellino, J. L., Lee, Y. S., Carthew, R. W., & Sontheimer, E. J. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00258-2 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
A human, ATP-independent, RISC assembly machine fueled by pre-miRNAPreprint
Maniataki, E., & Mourelatos, Z. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1384005 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
The Stability Constants of Metal-Adenine Nucleotide Complexes
O’Sullivan, W. J., & PERRIN, D. D. (1964) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00889a005 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Slicer function of Drosophila Argonautes and its involvement in RISC formationPreprint
Miyoshi, K., Tsukumo, H., Nagami, T., Siomi, H., & Siomi, M. C. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1370605 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Cleavage of the siRNA passenger strand during RISC assembly in human cells
Leuschner, P. J. F., Ameres, S. L., Kueng, S., & Martı̂nez, J. (2006) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400637 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Sorting of Drosophila Small Silencing RNAs
Tomari, Y., Du, T., & Zamore, P. D. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.05.057 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationATP-dependent human RISC assembly pathways
Yoda, M., Kawamata, T., Paroo, Z., Ye, X., Iwasaki, S., Liu, Q., & Tomari, Y. (2010) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1733 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Self-citationRISC Assembly Defects in the Drosophila RNAi Mutant armitage
Tomari, Y., Du, T., Haley, B., Schwarz, D. S., Bennett, R. P., Cook, H. A., Koppetsch, B. S., Theurkauf, W. E., & Zamore, P. D. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00218-1 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Self-citationLandthaler, M., Gaidatzis, D., Rothballer, A., Chen, P., Soll, S. J., Dinic, L., Ojo, T., Hafner, M., Zavolan, M., & Tuschl, T. (2008) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.1351608 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Dicer-1 and R3D1-L catalyze microRNA maturation in DrosophilaPreprint
Jiang, F., Ye, X., Liu, X., Fincher, L., Mckearin, D. M., & Liu, Q. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1334005 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Ghildiyal, M., Xu, J., Seitz, H., Weng, Z., & Zamore, P. D. (2010) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.1972910 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Distinct Mechanisms for MicroRNA Strand Selection by Drosophila Argonautes
Okamura, K., Liu, N., & Lai, E. C. (2009) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.09.027 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Structural determinants of miRNAs for RISC loading and slicer-independent unwinding
Kawamata, T., Seitz, H., & Tomari, Y. (2009) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.1630 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Self-citationThe RNA-Induced Silencing Complex Is a Mg2+-Dependent Endonuclease
Schwarz, D. S., Tomari, Y., & Zamore, P. D. (2004) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.03.008 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Self-citationHierarchical Rules for Argonaute Loading in Drosophila
Czech, B., Zhou, R., Erlich, Y., Brennecke, J., Binari, R. C., Villalta, C., Gordon, A., Perrimon, N., & Hannon, G. J. (2009) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.09.028 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
C3PO, an Endoribonuclease That Promotes RNAi by Facilitating RISC Activation
Liu, Y., Ye, X., Jiang, F., Liang, C., Chen, D., Peng, J., Kinch, L. N., Grishin, N. V., & Liu, Q. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1176325 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Characterization of endogenous human Argonautes and their miRNA partners in RNA silencing
Azuma-Mukai, A., Oguri, H., Mitsuyama, T., Qian, Z. R., Asai, K., Siomi, H., & Siomi, M. C. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0800334105 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Conformational changes of transfer ribonucleic acid. Equilibrium phase diagrams
Cole, P. E., Yang, S. K., & Crothers, D. M. (1972) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00773a024 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
In vitro analyses of the production and activity of secondary small interfering RNAs in C. elegans
Aoki, K., Moriguchi, H., Yoshioka, T., Okawa, K., & Tabara, H. (2007) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601910 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Drosophila Argonaute1 and Argonaute2 Employ Distinct Mechanisms for Translational Repression
Iwasaki, S., Kawamata, T., & Tomari, Y. (2009) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.02.010 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancement of the Seed-Target Recognition Step in RNA Silencing by a PIWI/MID Domain Protein
Parker, J. S., Parizotto, E. A., Wang, M., Roe, S. M., & Barford, D. (2009) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.12.012 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Expanded RNA-binding activities of mammalian Argonaute 2
Tan, G. S., Garchow, B. G., Liu, X., Yeung, J., Morris, J. P., Cuellar, T. L., McManus, M. T., & Kiriakidou, M. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp812 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Maiti, M., Lee, H.-C., & Liu, Y. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1497607 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Structural features of small RNA precursors determine Argonaute loading in Caenorhabditis elegans
Steiner, F. A., Hoogstrate, S. W., Okihara, K. L., Thijssen, K. L., Ketting, R. F., Plasterk, R. H. A., & Sijen, T. (2007) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb1308 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
How to slice: snapshots of Argonaute in action
Parker, J. S. (2010) · Silence · doi:10.1186/1758-907x-1-3 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Pham, J. W., & Sontheimer, E. J. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m509202200 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Preall, J. B., He, Z., Gorra, J. M., et al. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.061 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Jannot, G., Boisvert, M.-E. L., Banville, I., & Simard, M. J. (2008) · RNA · doi:10.1261/rna.901908 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Regulation of microRNA biogenesis
Ha, M., & Kim, V. N. (2014) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3838 · Cited by 5,462 · see citing works
Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation
O'Brien, J., Hayder, H., Zayed, Y., & Peng, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00402 · Cited by 5,287 · see citing works
From guide to target: molecular insights into eukaryotic RNA-interference machinery
Ipsaro, J. J., & Joshua-Tor, L. (2015) · Nature Structural & Molecular Biology · doi:10.1038/nsmb.2931 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Yuan, M., Yang, B., Rothschild, G., Mann, J. J., Sanford, L. D., Tang, X., Huang, C., Wang, C., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01519-z · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“227,228 miRNA sequences guide the RISC to target mRNA transcripts, resulting in translational cleavage or repression of mRNA.”
BackgroundBiogenesis and mechanisms of microRNA‐mediated gene regulation
Rani, V., & Sengar, R. S. (2022) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.28029 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The mitochondrial genome in aging and senescence
Lauri, A., Pompilio, G., & Capogrossi, M. C. (2014) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.07.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
MicroRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles of Alzheimer’s Disease
Li, W., & Zheng, Y. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12101378 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kawamata, T., & Tomari, Y.
- Affiliations
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Tomari, Yukihide
- Venue
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 368-376
- ISSN
- 0968-0004 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4247851298
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Human Frontier Science Program
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Molecular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Keywords
- RNA-induced silencing complex, Argonaute proteins, small RNA, siRNA, microRNA, piRNA, RNA silencing, guide RNA, double-stranded RNA, ribonucleoprotein complexes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, RNA-Induced Silencing Complex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review