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The eye contact effect: mechanisms and development

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Senju, Atsushi, Johnson, Mark H.·2009·Trends in Cognitive Sciences

DOI 10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.009

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Abstract

The 'eye contact effect' is the phenomenon that perceived eye contact with another human face modulates certain aspects of the concurrent and/or immediately following cognitive processing. In addition, functional imaging studies in adults have revealed that eye contact can modulate activity in structures in the social brain network, and developmental studies show evidence for preferential orienting towards, and processing of, faces with direct gaze from early in life. We review different theories of the eye contact effect and advance a 'fast-track modulator' model. Specifically, we hypothesize that perceived eye contact is initially detected by a subcortical route, which then modulates the activation of the social brain as it processes the accompanying detailed sensory information.

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Authors: Senju, A., & Johnson, M. H.
Affiliations: Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
Corresponding author: Senju, Atsushi
ORCID: Senju, Atsushi
Johnson, Mark H.
Venue: Trends in Cognitive Sciences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-03
Volume: 13
Issue: 3
Pages: 127-134
ISSN: 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.009
OpenAlex: W2149395978
Cited by: 797
References: 86
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 60 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 34
FWCI: 2.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Medical Research Council (G0701484)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007322/1)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: gaze perception, social brain network, face processing, cognitive modulation, social cognition development
MeSH terms: Attention, Brain, Facial Expression, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Visual Perception

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