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Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
Open accessAbstract
Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal “cognitive” and ventral-rostral “affective” subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear/anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC/mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, while ventral-rostral portions of the ACC/mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions.
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“particular connectivity between the dMPFC and the rostral ACC has been implicated in the conscious appraisal of emotion (Etkin et al., 2011),”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Increased late-phase dACC activation in the acceptance condition was found in regions that directly overlap with those reported in the extinction of contextual fear, and in particular the early stages of within-session extinction (Lang et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Like dACC, pregenual ACC has been implicated in social pain and rejection (Rotge et al., 2014), as well as during the regulation of emotional conflicts (Etkin et al., 2011), and responses to social-evaluative threat (Wager et al., 2009).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“The dACC has been shown to be involved in monitoring and appraisal of potential threat and emotion conflict (Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Etkin et al. (45) proposes both sections to be involved in emotion processing, but with the dorsal regions playing a role in evaluation and expression of negative affect, and the ventral regions (subgenual and pregenual ACC) having a regulatory role by inhibiting the emotional response via the limbic system.”
From SSRI Treatment Response Prediction in Depression Based on Brain Activation by Emotional Stimuli (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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“This is consistent with previous work showing that dACC activation is associated with appraisal and expression of fear and pain (Etkin et al. 2011), as well as a sense of personal agency or will to persevere (Parvizi et al. 2013).”
From Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al. 2011
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“In fact, some parts of cACC are highly involved in emotional processes that include negative valence such as pain unpleasantness (Vogt et al., 1993), social exclusion (Eisenberger, 2012) and fear potentiation and appraisal (Etkin et al., 2011; Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Importantly, although the rACC and cACC differ in their involvement in attentional tasks—as has long been suggested (Bush et al., 2000)—there is little support for a general division between an emotional and a non-emotional cingulate (Etkin et al., 2011; Okon-Singer et al., 2015).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“The ACC plays a central role in processing positively valenced emotions [239] and other rewards [240], and in coding value representations of anticipated rewards [241]”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [239]
In the citing paper
“These ventral ACC regions correspond to the ‘affective' subdivision of the ACC, which is densely interconnected with limbic and paralimbic structures (eg, amygdala, nucleus accumbens), has been implicated in emotion expression/regulation, and is a critical hub in the default mode network linked to self-referential processing (Buckner et al, 2008; Etkin et al, 2011).”
From Neural Correlates of Three Promising Endophenotypes of Depression: Evidence from the EMBARC Study (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al, 2011
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Citations
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“(1) The pgACC is involved in the processing and expression of positive (Vogt 2005; Lindgren et al. 2012) and negative (Etkin et al. 2011; Amemori and Graybiel 2012) emotions.”
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“, 2011) as well as a review showing that the dACC is involved in emotional appraisal and expression, whereas the vACC is involved in emotional regulation (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundJacobson, L. A., Peterson, D. J., Rosch, K. S., Crocetti, D., Mori, S., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.08.014 · Cited by 44
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“(For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) stimuli are self-referential (Etkin et al., 2011).”
Kaltsouni, E., Fisher, P. M., Dubol, M., Hustad, S., Lanzenberger, R. R., Frøkjær, V. G., Wikström, J., Comasco, E., & Poromaa, I. S. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01010-9 · Cited by 46
“As part of the dorsal top-down control system, both the dACC and dmPFC are implicated in conscious emotional reappraisal following negative stimuli presentation [54].”
BackgroundBrain-based mechanisms of late-life depression: Implications for novel interventions
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“The activation of ventromedial PFC, in addition, is directly related to the occurrence of negative emotion (Etkin et al. , 2011).”
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“…innate alarm system, hyperactivity has been repeatedlydemonstrated in associationwithPTSDpsychopathology (Aghajani et al., 2016; Birn et al., 2014; Etkin et al., 2011; Fenster et al., 2018; Fitzgerald et al., 2018; Koch et al., 2016; Lanius et al., 2015; Lanius et al., 2010;Mickleborough et al.,…”
BackgroundGeorge, S. A., Rodriguez-Santiago, M., Riley, J., Rodriguez, E. R., & Liberzon, I. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3635-x · Cited by 46
Representational Similarity of Social and Valence Information in the Medial pFC
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“On the one hand, a review by Etkin, Egner, and Kalisch (2011) highlighted the role of the MPFC in negative emotional contexts, arguing for differential functions of the dorsal and ventral MPFC in processing appraisal and regulation, respectively.”
BackgroundWong, S., Flanagan, E. C., Savage, G. R., Hodges, J. R., & Hornberger, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087778 · Cited by 49
“The VMPFC has been shown to be involved in various social-executive cognitive processes, including theory of mind [68], self-referential processing and perspective taking [69], emotion processing [70] and inhibition [71].”
BackgroundNeural correlates of attentional bias in addiction
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“When reducing bias to emotionally evocative stimuli, the dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus (DLPFC) and medial prefrontal cortex (both rostral and dorsal ACC) show increased activity that is reciprocal to a reduction of amygdalar activity, suggesting some level of top-down inhibition of emotional processing.(21) If ignorin…”
BackgroundIs social categorization based on relational ingroup/outgroup opposition? A meta-analysis
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“ACC has often been considered as composed of two functionally distinct areas, dorsal and rostral/ventral, implementing either automatic and controlled processes or, in an alternative view, appraisal and regulative functions (Lieberman, 2007; Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAnxious anticipation and pain: the influence of instructed vs conditioned threat on pain
Reicherts, P., Wiemer, J., Gerdes, A. B. M., Schulz, S. M., Pauli, P., & Wieser, M. J. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw181 · Cited by 48
“…activity in the medial PFC in response to the threat cue is in line with previous studies demonstrating its role in fear learning (Gramsch et al., 2014; Fullana et al., 2016), fear memory and fear expression in humans and animals (Milad and Quirk, 2002; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Etkin et al., 2011).”
ResultDyspnea catastrophizing and neural activations during the anticipation and perception of dyspnea
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“The mPFC has been consistently found more active in association with autobiographical memory tasks (Cabeza and St Jacques 2007), reward value processing (Kringelbach 2005), emotional processing (Etkin et al. 2011), suggesting that it has a key role in the processing of self-related internal information also in the aff…”
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“Moreover, this region has traditionally been established as a key region for emotion regulation [via top-down regulatory control of limbic areas (Ridderinkhof et al., 2004; Etkin et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2011)].”
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“have provided evidence that depression was the result of regional abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia and the limbic system (including the thalamus, ventral striatum, amygdala, insula and cingulate cortex), which were modulated by the neurotransmitter systems of dopaminergic, serotoninergic, chol…”
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“Amygdala abnormalities have been shown to involve integrated connectivity with midline cortical regions, which can mediate the perception and intensity of positive and negative emotions (34,47,48).”
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“of fear (Etkin et al., 2011) but also in evaluative judgment and anticipation of emotional stimuli (Blackwood et al.”
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“The rostral part of the ACC has been frequently associated with emotion and conflict processing (Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000 ; Etkin, Egner, & Kalisch, 2011 ) and seems to monitor any new information that has potential affective or motivational consequences.”
BackgroundLipka, J., Hoffmann, M., Miltner, W., & Straube, T. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.008 · Cited by 46
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“…the ventral portion of the anterior cingulate cortex has been shown to have a regulatory role in emotion processing with respect to limbic regions (Etkin et al., 2011) and, similarly to the thalamus, has been shown to be activated by social as well as nonsocial emotional stimuli (Britton et al.,…”
BackgroundAghajani, M., Colins, O. F., Klapwijk, E. T., Veer, I. M., Andershed, H., Popma, A., van der Wee, N. J., & Vermeiren, R. R. J. M. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23292 · Cited by 44
“, 2006; Seara-Cardoso and Viding, 2014], it may seem reasonable to assume an association between these traits and connectivity of CMA with regions serving affective saliency and emotional responding [Etkin et al., 2011; Pessoa, 2011; Seeley et al., 2007].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTian, Z., Yamanaka, M., Bernabucci, M., Zhao, M., & Zhuo, M. (2017) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-017-0303-1 · Cited by 48
“Neurons in the ACC are involved in pain perception [1, 10, 12, 33] and emotional responses [12, 34].”
BackgroundInteractive effects of music and prefrontal cortex stimulation in modulating response inhibition
Mansouri, F. A., Acevedo, N., Illipparampil, R., Fehring, D. J., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Jaberzadeh, S. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18119-x · Cited by 50
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“Human and animal lesion studies have produced a wealth of data about the role of the ACC in the processing of anxiety and fear (Bush et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSeeley, S. H., Chou, Y., & O'Connor, M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.011 · Cited by 43
“providing inhibitory control over amygdala reactivity, and the anterior cingulate influencing how emotions are appraised and expressed (Etkin et al., 2011).”
Cardiac cycle gated cognitive-emotional control in superior frontal cortices
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Løvstad, M., Funderud, I., Meling, T. R., Krämer, U. M., Voytek, B., Due‐Tønnessen, P., Endestad, T., Lindgren, M. P., Knight, R. T., & Solbakk, A. (2012) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.07.008 · Cited by 50
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“Rostral and dorsal PFC are also implicated in affective processing, behavioral control, and decision making (Dumontheil et al., 2008; Etkin et al., 2011; Koechlin and Hyafil, 2007; Kovach et al., 2012) as well as higher-order executive functions, including attentional processes and mentalization (Burgess et al.”
BackgroundPregabalin effects on neural response to emotional faces
Aupperle, R. L., Tankersley, D., Ravindran, L. N., Flagan, T., Stein, N. R., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00042 · Cited by 44
“Medial PFC and ACC regions are considered important in the integration of affective information, regulating brain and behavioral responses, and monitoring conflict and errors (Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Botvinick, 2007; Kanske et al., 2010; Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundIbrahim, K., Noble, S., He, G. S., Lacadie, C., Crowley, M. J., McCarthy, G., Scheinost, D., & Sukhodolsky, D. G. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01317-5 · Cited by 44
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“The amygdala has a well-documented role in the processing of emotionally salient information (32), while the ACC is thought to monitor and regulate emotional conflicts through a top-down pathway (33, 34).”
BackgroundGoodman, S. P. J., Collins, B. E. G., Shorter, K. A., Moreland, A. T., Papic, C., Hamlin, A. S., Kassman, B., & Marino, F. E. (2025) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-025-02620-7 · Cited by 50
“…cortex has been acknowledged as an important region associated with mental fatigue (Lorist et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2018), given its role in effortful mental processing and control, performance monitoring, and task perseverance (Carter et al., 1998; Croxson et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011).”
Shollenbarger, S. G., Price, J. S., Wieser, J., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.004 · Cited by 44
“, 2015), although continued use may negatively impact regions underlying healthy affective processing (Etkin et al., 2011).”
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Peripheral and prefrontal stress system markers and risk of relapse in alcoholism
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Dissociable morphometric profiles of the affective and cognitive dimensions of alexithymia
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“This network is importantly involved in arousal and the response of animals and humans to threat and pain [35–37].”
Transdiagnostic brain responses to disorder-related threat across four psychiatric disorders
Feldker, K., Heitmann, C. Y., Neumeister, P., Tupak, S. V., Schrammen, E., Moeck, R., Zwitserlood, P., Bruchmann, M., & Straube, T. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002634 · Cited by 45
“…common activation in patients fits with earlier studies that reported co-activation of the mPFC and ACC, and might mirror the shared and altered mechanism of generation, evaluation and regulation of emotion across PD, SAD, DP and PTSD (Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Kober et al. 2008; Etkin et al. 2011).”
ResultLiu, Z., Grady, C. L., & Moscovitch, M. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.032 · Cited by 52
Szymkowicz, S. M., Woods, A. J., Dotson, V. M., Porges, E. C., Nissim, N. R., O’Shea, A. M., Cohen, R. A., & Ebner, N. C. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1432030 · Cited by 46
“Contrary to this early conceptualization, Etkin, Egner, and Kalisch (2011) concluded that both subregionsmake important contributions to emotion processing, with dorsal-caudal regions involved in the evaluation and expression of negative emotion and ventral-rostral regions involved in top-down…”
ResultStriatal alcohol cue‐reactivity is stronger in male than female problem drinkers
Kaag, A. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Vries, T. J. D., Pattij, T., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13991 · Cited by 44
“Indeed, the ventral and dorsal ACC are crucially involved in the inhibition and expression of negative emotions, respectively (Etkin, Egner, & Kalisch, 2011) and neural activation of these regions induced by alcohol-related cues may actually re fl ect the processing of negative emotional aspects of…”
Chen, H., Zhang, L., Ke, J., Qi, R., Xu, Q., Zhong, Y., Pan, M., Li, J., Lu, G., & Chen, F. (2018) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867418812674 · Cited by 44
McCrory, E. J. P., Ogle, J. R., Gerin, M. I., & Viding, E. M. (2019) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559519830524 · Cited by 46
Sendi, M. S. E., Zendehrouh, E., Jing Sui （Beijing Normal University）， my correct affiliation is beijing normal university, N. Q. U. O. S. A. T., Fu, Z., Zhi, D., Lv, L., Ma, X., Ke, Q., Li, X., Wang, C., et al. (2021) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2020.0748 · Cited by 44
Grall, C., Tamborini, R., Weber, R., & Schmälzle, R. (2021) · Journal of Communications · doi:10.1093/joc/jqab004 · Cited by 37
“…at the intersection of affect and motivation focuses on negatively-valenced emotions like fear, the two regions that are consistently reported across domains, tasks, and stimuli include the anterior cingulate cortex (aCC) and mPFC (Etkin, Egner, & Kalisch, 2011; Roy, Shohamy, & Wager, 2012).”
Yang, S.-S., Mack, N. R., Shu, Y., & Gao, W. (2021) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.716408 · Cited by 44
Wackerhagen, C., Veer, I. M., Erk, S., Mohnke, S., Lett, T. A., Wüstenberg, T., Romanczuk-Seiferth, N. Y., Schwarz, K., Schweiger, J. I., Tost, H., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002885 · Cited by 39
“We previously discussed reduced amygdala FC during faces matching with the pgACC to result from an inverse co-activation of these regions, which might correspond to an inhibitory control process of prefrontal structures over the amygdala (Etkin et al., 2011; Bzdok et al., 2013) as a neural mechanism of automatic atten…”
BackgroundJarcho, J. M., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Nelson, E. E., Engel, S. G., Vannucci, A., Field, S. E., Romer, A. L., Hannallah, L., Brady, S. M., Demidowich, A. P., et al. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.054 · Cited by 43
“It has been suggested that heightened engagement of vmPFC in this contextmay, in fact, facilitate the regulation of negative affect typically generated by interpersonal distress (Etkin et al., 2011; Flagan and Beer, 2013; Hughes and Beer, 2013).”
Strawn, J. R., Chu, W.-J., Whitsel, R. M., Weber, W. A., Norris, M. M., Adler, C. M., Eliassen, J. C., Phan, K. L., Strakowski, S. M., & DelBello, M. P. (2013) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000347090 · Cited by 44
Benschop, L., Vanhollebeke, G., Li, J., Leahy, R. M., Vanderhasselt, M., & Baeken, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20274-9 · Cited by 44
How can neurobiology of fear extinction inform treatment?
Craske, M. G., Sandman, C. F., & Stein, M. B. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104923 · Cited by 43
Battaglia, S., Fazio, C. D., Mazzà, M., Tamietto, M., & Avenanti, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25020864 · Cited by 45
“This learning is often associated with a process of inhibitory learning, where the brain actively suppresses the fear response while not erasing the original fear memory [7,140].”
BackgroundChechko, N., Kellermann, T., Zvyagintsev, M., Augustin, M., Schneider, F. W., & Habel, U. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038155 · Cited by 47
“However, the comparison of these two tasks is limited by the fact that the emotional counting Stroop task does not involve true interference effect [6].”
BackgroundMiedl, S. F., Blechert, J., Klackl, J., Wiggert, N., Reichenberger, J., Derntl, B., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.027 · Cited by 43
“Etkin et al. (2011) have proposed ventral-rostral portions of the ACC and MPFC to regulate limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses, and the dorsal ACC to process appraisal or expression of emotion.”
BackgroundPiero, L. B. D., Saxbe, D., & Margolin, G. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.03.005 · Cited by 49
Some neuroanatomical insights to impulsive aggression in schizophrenia
Leclerc, M., Regenbogen, C., Hamilton, R. H., & Habel, U. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.016 · Cited by 45
Neurophysiological, neuropsychological, and cognitive effects of 30 days of isolation
Weber, J., Javelle, F., Klein, T., Foitschik, T., Crucian, B. E., Schneider, S., & Abeln, V. (2019) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05531-0 · Cited by 40
Carcolé, M., Zamanillo, D., Merlos, M., Fernández‐Pastor, B., Cabañero, D., & Maldonado, R. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00468 · Cited by 43
Pervolaraki, E., Hall, S. P., Foresteire, D., Saito, T., Saido, T. C., Whittington, M. A., Lever, C., & Dachtler, J. (2019) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.040550 · Cited by 42
“The ACC and amygdala are brain regions that have been well established with mediating anxiety/fear and social behaviours (Davidson, 2002; Davis, 1992; Davis et al., 1994; Etkin et al., 2011).”
Sun, Y., Zhao, L., Lan, Z., Jia, X.-Z., & Xue, S. (2020) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s239013 · Cited by 44
“cingulate gyrus and impulsive behaviour in the orbitofrontal cortex.(41,42) The reduction in anterior cingulate gyrus grey matter volume in individuals with ADHD is significantly related to selective attention deficits.”
BackgroundHoppe, J. M., Holmes, E. A., & Ågren, T. (2020) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0690 · Cited by 45
Meta-analysis of structural and functional brain alterations in internet gaming disorder
Niu, X., Gao, X., Zhang, M., Yang, Z., Yu, M., Wang, W., Wei, Y., Cheng, J., Han, S., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1029344 · Cited by 45
“cognitive control (79), emotional regulation (80), rewardbased decision-making (81), conflict monitoring and error processing (82).”
BackgroundNeural Correlates of Post-Conventional Moral Reasoning: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Prehn, K., Korczykowski, M., Rao, H., Fang, Z., Detre, J. A., & Robertson, D. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122914 · Cited by 48
“The dorsal ACC supports performing cognitive tasks, whereas the rostral or subgenual regions monitor new information that has potential affective or motivational consequences [43].”
BackgroundVorobyev, V., Kwon, M. S., Moe, D., Parkkola, R. K., & Hämäläinen, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129516 · Cited by 45
“As we aimed at exploring risk-taking behavior and related brain activation, the findings on the relationship between grouping criteria and group differences in brain activation, as well as the roles of the MPFC and the caudate nucleus in mediating risk-taking and social aspects of risky driving behavior, respectively,…”
BackgroundInfluentialElton, A., Smitherman, S., Young, J., & Kilts, C. D. (2014) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12162 · Cited by 44
“The vmPFC is involved in the top-down control of emotion, by suppressing negative emotion processing in limbic areas (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAffect and the Brain's Functional Organization: A Resting-State Connectivity Approach
Rohr, C. S., Okon‐Singer, H., Craddock, R. C., Villringer, A., & Margulies, D. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068015 · Cited by 42
“The SMA is thought to connect the ACC and mPFC to motor areas as well as to another region of cognitive control, namely the dlPFC [59].”
BackgroundAesthetic perception and its minimal content: a naturalistic perspective
Xenakis, I., & Arnellos, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01038 · Cited by 49
“Moreover, these activations overlap with areas responsible for the emotional evaluations of the possible consequences of the potential action (Alexander and Brown, 2011; Etkin et al., 2011; Waszak et al., 2012).”
BackgroundA neural mediator of human anxiety sensitivity
Harrison, B. J., Fullana, M. A., Soriano‐Mas, C., Via, E., Pujol, J., Martínez‐Zalacaín, I., Tinoco, D., Davey, C. G., López‐Solà, M., Pérez, V., et al. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22889 · Cited by 42
“Despite considerable evidence linking dACC function to anxiety processes, experimentally and clinically [Devinsky et al., 1995; Etkin et al., 2011; Greenberg et al., 2010; Pujol et al., 2002], the mechanism by which it contributes to conscious aspects of anxiety, such as catastrophizing and worry,…”
BackgroundIn need of constraint: Understanding the role of the cingulate cortex in the impulsive mind
Golchert, J., Smallwood, J., Jefferies, E., Liem, F., Huntenburg, J. M., Falkiewicz, M., Lauckner, M. E., Oligschläger, S., Villringer, A., & Margulies, D. S. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.041 · Cited by 45
Roy, N., Dietrich, M., Blomgren, M., Heller, A., Houtz, D. R., & Lee, J. S. (2017) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.11.009 · Cited by 42
“The SMA, but not pre-SMA, has direct connections to the primary motor cortex(68) but more interestingly both have “hyperdirect” connections to the subthalamic nucleus enabling rapid response inhibition.(55,65,68) The subthalamic nucleus and (pre)SMA are components of a braking system, which centers on the right latera…”
BackgroundInfluentialFeng, P., Becker, B., Zheng, Y., & Feng, T. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx148 · Cited by 40
“Animal models and human data suggest that a ‘fear network’, incorporating amygdala, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus, plays a pivotal role in the acquisition of fear (Etkin et al., 2011; Etkin and Wager, 2007; Fullana et al., 2016; Greco and Liberzon, 2016; Hartley et al., 2011; LaBar and Cabeza, 200…”
BackgroundPati, S., Sood, A., Mukhopadhyay, S., & Vaidya, V. A. (2018) · Journal of Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12038-018-9732-y · Cited by 42
“…prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a key cortical region that mediates top-down control of executive function, cognition, attention and emotional processing (Etkin et al. 2011; Euston et al. 2012), has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders…”
Bunford, N., Kujawa, A., Fitzgerald, K. D., Monk, C. S., & Phan, K. L. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.02.006 · Cited by 42
“In addition, we found an association between LPP and activation in the left supplementary motor area, related primarily to the control of movement but also to fear conditioning (Etkin et al., 2011) and emotion regulation (Kohn et al.”
Song, D., Chang, D., Zhang, J., Peng, W., Shang, Y., Gao, X., & Wang, Z. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9866-4 · Cited by 39
Wang, L., Yu, L., Wu, H., Wu, H., & Wang, J. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.040 · Cited by 42
Awasthi, S., Pan, H., LeDoux, J. E., Cloître, M., Altemus, M. M., McEwen, B. S., Silbersweig, D., & Stern, E. R. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102442 · Cited by 42
Silvers, J. A., Buhle, J. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cited by 42
A transactional model of stress and coping applied to cyclist subjective experiences
Lim, T., Thompson, J., Tian, L., & Beck, B. (2023) · Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2023.05.013 · Cited by 42
Landowska, A., Roberts, D., Eachus, P., & Barrett, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00362 · Cited by 43
Riedel, P., Heil, M., Bender, S., Dippel, G., Korb, F. M., Smolka, M. N., & Marxen, M. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24703 · Cited by 45
Nikolic, M., Pezzoli, P., Jaworska, N., & Seto, M. C. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110596 · Cited by 41
Stress-resilience impacts psychological wellbeing as evidenced by brain–gut microbiome interactions
An, E., Delgadillo, D. R., Yang, J., Agarwal, R., Labus, J. S., Pawar, S., Leitman, M., Kilpatrick, L. A., Bhatt, R. R., Vora, P. P., et al. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00266-6 · Cited by 45
“The SbCG, an important node in a network that includes the limbic system and thalamus, is strongly associated with cognitive–emotional processing 74 and inhibiting fear responses 75 .”
A Test for the Implementation?Maintenance Model of Reappraisal
Paret, C., Brenninkmeyer, J., Meyer, B., Yuen, K. S. L., Gartmann, N., Mechias, M.-L., & Kalisch, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00216 · Cited by 47
“Notwithstanding this current debate, we believe that delineating the mental processes that construct an experience or behavior of interest is generally more useful than focusing on broad categories such as “generation” and “regulation” or also “emotion” and “cognition” (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Etkin, Amit
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 85-93
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3035157
- OpenAlex
- W2050618347
- Semantic Scholar
- 54512ee234d533a5cb9cf8991a03f589cdd77376
- Cited by
- 3,059
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 191 · 2025: 190 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 216 · 2020: 228 · 2019: 226 · 2018: 271 · 2017: 227 · 2016: 237 · 2015: 203 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091860, P30MH089888)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotional processing, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, negative emotions, fear, anxiety, emotion appraisal, emotional expression, positive emotions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex
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