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Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
Open accessAbstract
Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal “cognitive” and ventral-rostral “affective” subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear/anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC/mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, while ventral-rostral portions of the ACC/mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions.
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“particular connectivity between the dMPFC and the rostral ACC has been implicated in the conscious appraisal of emotion (Etkin et al., 2011),”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Increased late-phase dACC activation in the acceptance condition was found in regions that directly overlap with those reported in the extinction of contextual fear, and in particular the early stages of within-session extinction (Lang et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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In the citing paper
“Like dACC, pregenual ACC has been implicated in social pain and rejection (Rotge et al., 2014), as well as during the regulation of emotional conflicts (Etkin et al., 2011), and responses to social-evaluative threat (Wager et al., 2009).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“The dACC has been shown to be involved in monitoring and appraisal of potential threat and emotion conflict (Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Etkin et al. (45) proposes both sections to be involved in emotion processing, but with the dorsal regions playing a role in evaluation and expression of negative affect, and the ventral regions (subgenual and pregenual ACC) having a regulatory role by inhibiting the emotional response via the limbic system.”
From SSRI Treatment Response Prediction in Depression Based on Brain Activation by Emotional Stimuli (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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In the citing paper
“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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“This is consistent with previous work showing that dACC activation is associated with appraisal and expression of fear and pain (Etkin et al. 2011), as well as a sense of personal agency or will to persevere (Parvizi et al. 2013).”
From Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al. 2011
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“In fact, some parts of cACC are highly involved in emotional processes that include negative valence such as pain unpleasantness (Vogt et al., 1993), social exclusion (Eisenberger, 2012) and fear potentiation and appraisal (Etkin et al., 2011; Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Importantly, although the rACC and cACC differ in their involvement in attentional tasks—as has long been suggested (Bush et al., 2000)—there is little support for a general division between an emotional and a non-emotional cingulate (Etkin et al., 2011; Okon-Singer et al., 2015).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“The ACC plays a central role in processing positively valenced emotions [239] and other rewards [240], and in coding value representations of anticipated rewards [241]”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [239]
In the citing paper
“These ventral ACC regions correspond to the ‘affective' subdivision of the ACC, which is densely interconnected with limbic and paralimbic structures (eg, amygdala, nucleus accumbens), has been implicated in emotion expression/regulation, and is a critical hub in the default mode network linked to self-referential processing (Buckner et al, 2008; Etkin et al, 2011).”
From Neural Correlates of Three Promising Endophenotypes of Depression: Evidence from the EMBARC Study (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al, 2011
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“The ACC also regulates anxiety, with dorsal regions reappraising anxiogenic stimuli and ventral regions mediating the extinction of conditioned fear.(61)”
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“As ACC is related to the detection and processing of salient information and monitoring of errors (Kiehl et al., 2000; Hester et al., 2005; Etkin et al., 2011), our results may suggest that the process of semantic memory with interaction between ACC and frontal cortical area is important to maintain the high performan…”
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“respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses [44], and their involvement in mechanisms of consciousness and emotional awareness [45], one can speculate whether the increased perfusion by tDCS facilitates emotion regulative processes as suggested by Ochsner and Gross [46].”
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“For instance, when emotional interference is decreased performance on cognitive tasks increases (Olivier et al. 1990; Schiller and Delgado 2010; Etkin et al. 2011).”
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“These findings are broadly in accordance with existing emotional regulatory theories implicating the anterior cingulate in the recognition, experience, and appraisal of emotional and the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex in regulating emotional reactivity (Etkin et al., 2011).”
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“The mPFC is related to different cognitive function, including memory processing, decisive making, and emotion processing [96, 97].”
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Valence processing in the PFC: Reconciling circuit-level and systems-level views
Coley, A. A., Padilla-Coreano, N., Patel, R. R., & Tye, K. M. (2021) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.12.002 · Cited by 39
Kadono, Y., Koguchi, K., Okada, K., Hosomi, K., Hiraishi, M., Ueguchi, T., Kida, I., Shah, A., Liu, G., & Saitoh, Y. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85409-w · Cited by 38
Taebi, A., Becker, B., Klugah‐Brown, B., Roecher, E., Biswal, B. B., Zweerings, J., & Mathiak, K. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13200 · Cited by 38
“A larger number of studies will enable us to separately compare distinct patterns of alterations across various SUD.”
BackgroundInfluentialTalking about Emotion: Prosody and Skin Conductance Indicate Emotion Regulation
Matejka, M., Kazzer, P., Seehausen, M., Bajbouj, M., Klann-Delius, G., Menninghaus, W., Jacobs, A. M., Heekeren, H. R., & Prehn, K. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00260 · Cited by 38
“…as a decrease or increase (in accordance with the objective of the reappraisal technique) of activity in brain regions involved in emotion processing, such as the amygdala and insula (for reviews on the neural correlates, see Ochsner, 2005; Kalisch, 2009; Etkin et al., 2011; Kanske et al., 2011).”
Adaptation to Emotional Conflict: Evidence from a Novel Face Emotion Paradigm
Clayson, P. E., & Larson, M. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075776 · Cited by 42
“A prevailing theoretical explanation of the recruitment of top-down control of cognitive and emotional information highlights the role of conflict processing in the regulation of control processes [4-7].”
BackgroundInfluentialAmygdala-frontal couplings characterizing SSRI and placebo response in social anxiety disorder
Faria, V., Åhs, F., Appel, L., Linnman, C., Bani, M., Bettica, P., Pich, E. M., Fredrikson, M., & Furmark, T. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145714000352 · Cited by 37
“In terms of emotion regulation (Phillips et al., 2008; Etkin et al., 2011) this could suggest a stronger regulatory neural path in the placebo group, which is in line with a recent fMRI study reporting reduced resting state couplings in SAD patients treated with SSRI as compared to placebo (Giménez et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAdaptive contextualization: a new role for the default mode network in affective learning
Marstaller, L., Burianová, H., & Reutens, D. C. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23442 · Cited by 37
“Animal and human studies have demonstrated that the vmPFC is engaged in the inhibition of fear responses [Todd et al., 2014; Quirk and Beer, 2006] and that it plays a major role in regulating emotions and decision-making [Bechara et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2011].”
BackgroundError monitoring is related to processing internal affective states
Maier, M. E., Scarpazza, C., Starita, F., Filogamo, R., & Làdavas, E. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0452-1 · Cited by 38
Elpidorou, A. (2020) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190912963.001.0001 · Cited by 44
Current source density analysis of resting state EEG in depression: a review
Koo, P. C., Thome, J., Berger, C., Foley, P. B., & Hoeppner, J. (2015) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-015-1432-2 · Cited by 38
“Indeed, the frontal region has been widely discussed in the framework of affective disorders because of its significance for emotional and cognitive processing (Etkin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundAltered medial prefrontal activity during dynamic face processing in schizophrenia spectrum patients
Mothersill, O., Morris, D. W., Kelly, S., Rose, E. J., Bokde, A. L. W., Reilly, R. B., Gill, M., Corvin, A. P., & Donohoe, G. J. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.023 · Cited by 39
“and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC), which are important in expressing negative emotion and regulating other limbic regions (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodThe Effect of Criticism on Functional Brain Connectivity and Associations with Neuroticism
Servaas, M. N., Riese, H., Renken, R. J., Marsman, J.-B. C., Lambregs, J., Ormel, J., & Aleman, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069606 · Cited by 37
“This finding is consistent with the postulated framework of Etkin et al. (2011), in which a positive connection between abovementioned brain regions is attributed to the appraisal and expression of negative emotions [50].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKlumpp, H., Fitzgerald, D. A., Piejko, K., Roberts, J., Kennedy, A. E., & Phan, K. L. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv146 · Cited by 39
“First, there was wide-spread frontopartial responsivity during high perceptual load, as opposed to activation circumscribed to regions integral to emotional conflict resolution (e.g. rostral medial prefrontal cortex; Ochsner et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, B., Li, S., Zhuo, C., Li, M., Safron, A., Genz, A., Qin, W., Yu, C., & Walter, M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.042 · Cited by 40
Potential reward reduces the adverse impact of negative distractor stimuli
Padmala, S., Sirbu, M., & Pessoa, L. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx067 · Cited by 39
“Based on the review of human and animal literatures, Etkin et al. (2011) suggested that dorsal aspects of the anterior cingulate cortex are involved in emotional appraisal/expression.”
BackgroundLi, X., Guo, S., Wang, C., Wang, B., Sun, H., & Zhang, X. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007037 · Cited by 37
Negative Schizotypy and Altered Functional Connectivity During Facial Emotion Processing
Wang, Y., Li, Z., Liu, W., Wei, X., Jiang, X., Lui, S. S. Y., So, S. H., Cheung, E. F. C., Debbané, M., & Chan, R. C. K. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby036 · Cited by 35
Personality Profiles Are Associated with Functional Brain Networks Related to Cognition and Emotion
Mulders, P. C. R., Llera, A., Tendolkar, I., van Eijndhoven, P., & Beckmann, C. F. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32248-x · Cited by 37
Wong, T. Y., Raduà, J., Pomarol‐Clotet, E., Salvador, R. M., Albajes‐Eizagirre, A., Solanes, A., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Guerrero‐Pedraza, A., Sarró, S., Kircher, T. T. J., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002149 · Cited by 39
“Given that proactive aggression requires a higher level of cognitive abilities such as self-regulation and reappraisal, abnormalities in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (Etkin et al., 2011) may play a role too.”
BackgroundThe Coupled Brains of Captivated Audiences
Schmälzle, R., & Grall, C. (2020) · Journal of Media Psychology Theories Methods and Applications · doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000271 · Cited by 40
“The salience network has often been linked to the integration of sensory, emotional, and cognitive information, and particularly to processes related to anxious apprehension and anticipatory anxiety (Etkin, Egner, & Kalisch, 2011 ; Menon, 2015 ).”
BackgroundTorous, J. B., Stern, A. P., Padmanabhan, J. L., Keshavan, M. S., & Perez, D. L. (2015) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.007 · Cited by 37
“, 2008), emotional processing (Etkin, 2010; LeDoux, 2007; Etkin et al., 2011), cognitive control (Badre and Wagner, 2007; Ridderinkhof et al.”
BackgroundLi, Y., Yu, X., Ma, Y., Su, J., Li, Y., Zhu, S., Bai, T., Wei, Q., Becker, B., Ding, Z., et al. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac311 · Cited by 36
A brain-computer interface to a plan-based narrative
Gilroy, S. W., Porteous, J., Charles, F., Cavazza, M., Soreq, E., Raz, G., Ikar, L., Or‐Borichev, A., Ben-Arie, U., Klovatch, I., et al. (2013) · TeesRep (Teesside University) · Cited by 37
How brooding minds inhibit negative material: An event-related fMRI study
Vanderhasselt, M., Baeken, C., Schuerbeek, P. V., Luypaert, R., Mey, J. D., & Raedt, R. D. (2013) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.01.007 · Cited by 40
“According to Etkin et al. (2011), this is the posterior dorsal (pd)ACC.”
Contextual fear conditioning in humans using feature-identical contexts
Baeuchl, C., Meyer, P., Hoppstädter, M., Diener, C., & Flor, H. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.03.001 · Cited by 38
“This is in line with studies that support the view that the dorsal ACC and dmPFC are involved in both the generation of fear and anxiety responses as well as fear and anxiety appraisal (see Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultVasopressin modulates neural responses during human reactive aggression
Brunnlieb, C., Münte, T. F., Krämer, U. M., Tempelmann, C., & Heldmann, M. (2013) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2013.763654 · Cited by 38
Neural correlates of ‘distracting’ from emotion during autobiographical recollection
Denkova, E., Dolcos, S. M., & Dolcos, F. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu039 · Cited by 42
“Also relevant to the present study, medial PFC has been implicated in ER (Etkin et al., 2011; Ochsner et al., 2012) and particularly in distancing from emotions (Koenigsberg et al.”
BackgroundNeural correlates of trauma-unrelated emotional processing in war veterans with PTSD
van Rooij, S. J. H., Rademaker, A. R., Kennis, M., Vink, M., Kahn, R. S., & Geuze, E. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001706 · Cited by 36
“The dACC is thought to play a role in the regulation of both cognitive and emotional processing (Phan et al. 2002; Etkin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundFeng, P., Becker, B., Feng, T., & Zheng, Y. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.01.057 · Cited by 35
“…during fear acquisition associate with increased amygdala responses(Petrovic et al., 2008), while threat-associated responses in this region are critically regulated by the vmPFC (Etkin et al., 2011; Etkin and Wager, 2007; Milad et al., 2007b; Motzkin et al., 2015; Pace-Schott et al., 2017).”
InfluentialJarcho, J. M., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., Leibenluft, E., Shechner, T., Degnan, K. A., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Ernst, M. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22140 · Cited by 36
“Yet, like adults with stable childhood behavioral inhibition, anxious adults exhibit greater activity in dorsal anterior cingulate when HAC is required in the context of incidental emotional stimuli.[51] Given the well-established link between dorsomedial PFC and threat detection,[51] our data suggest that, like anxio…”
BackgroundResultAzuma, K., Uchiyama, I., Takano, H., Tanigawa, M., Azuma, M., Bamba, I., & Yoshikawa, T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080567 · Cited by 37
“The ACC is involved in adequate control of top-down or bottom-up modulation of stimuli and is connected to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) [26].”
BackgroundFelice, V. D., Gibney, S. M., Gosselin, R., Dinan, T. G., O’Mahony, S. M., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.064 · Cited by 37
Tabatabaei‐Jafari, H., Ekhtiari, H., Ganjgahi, H., Hassani‐Abharian, P., Oghabian, M. A., Moradi, A., Sadighi, N., & Zarei, M. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000022 · Cited by 36
“The caudal portion of ACC is thought to be responsible for evaluation (appraisal and reappraisal) of emotion, whereas the rostral portion is responsible for regulation of emotion (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Self-Liking Brain: A VBM Study on the Structural Substrate of Self-Esteem
Agroskin, D., Klackl, J., & Jonas, E. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086430 · Cited by 42
“This caveat is important given that influential functional differentiations of the ACC have been proposed, such that its dorsal-caudal part may be more involved in cognitive processes [38] or emotion appraisal [39], and the ventral-rostral part may be more relevant to emotional processes [38] or emotion regulation [39…”
BackgroundSmith, R. S., Fass, H. G., & Lane, R. D. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.002 · Cited by 38
“…a common region of the pACC and adjacent mPFC. Based on the evidence that pACC/mPFC may play a top-down modulatory role in emotion perception (Etkin et al., 2006, 2011; Mitchell, 2011; Mitchell & Greening, 2011), we hypothesized that this structure would also be engaged by normatively…”
BackgroundMurphy, E. R., Foss‐Feig, J. H., Kenworthy, L. E., Gaillard, W. D., & Vaidya, C. J. (2012) · Autism Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2012/652408 · Cited by 43
“In the ACC, the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pregenual ACC) is involved in the visceral response to negative stimuli, both physical and social [36], while subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (subgenual ACC) is involved in the cognitive modulation of attention towards socioemotional stimuli [37].”
BackgroundGetov, S., Kanai, R., Bahrami, B., & Rees, G. E. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu103 · Cited by 43
“An inverse relationship between mPFC and amygdala activation during emotional appraisal and regulation is well described (Etkin et al., 2011); moreover, microelectrode stimulation of mPFC in animals results in reduced responsiveness of the central nucleus of the amygdala (Quirk et al., 2003).”
BackgroundBriceño, E. M., Weisenbach, S. L., Rapport, L. J., Hazlett, K. E., Bieliauskas, L. A., Haase, B. D., Ransom, M. T., Brinkman, M. L., Peciña, M., SCHTEINGART, D. E., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002176 · Cited by 37
“2009), regulation in emotional but not cognitive interference tasks (Egner et al. 2008 ; Etkin et al. 2011) as well as prediction of positive response to pharmacological treatment (Keedwell et al.”
BackgroundMassey, S. H., Stern, D., Alden, E., Petersen, J., Cobia, D. J., Wang, L., Csernansky, J. G., & Smith, M. J. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.025 · Cited by 38
“…reduced cortical thickness bilaterally in the INS, which is thought to support a cognitive-evaluative form of empathy (Fan et al., 2011), and in the right SMA, which is involved in perceiving and processing action behaviors (Etkin et al., 2011; Keysers and Gazzola, 2009; Smith et al., 2015).”
Hamilton, G. F., Hernandez, I. J., Krebs, C. P., Bucko, P. J., & Rhodes, J. S. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.058 · Cited by 33
“The IL and PL subregions are more highly associated with either fear suppression or expression, respectively (for review see Giustino and Maren, 2015), while the ACC is associated with fear acquisition (Hamner et al., 1999; Bissiere et al., 2008; Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe impact of traumatic stress on Pavlovian biases
Ousdal, O. T., Huys, Q. J. M., Milde, A. M., Craven, A. R., Ersland, L., Endestad, T., Melinder, A. M. D., Hugdahl, K., & Dolan, R. J. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171700174x · Cited by 36
“Based on the importance of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in regulating Pavlovian behaviours (Etkin et al. 2011),we also obtained (1)H-MRS spectra from the vmPFC for comparison purposes.”
MethodKojori, E. S., Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy144 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Etkin, Amit
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 85-93
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3035157
- OpenAlex
- W2050618347
- Semantic Scholar
- 54512ee234d533a5cb9cf8991a03f589cdd77376
- Cited by
- 3,059
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 191 · 2025: 190 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 216 · 2020: 228 · 2019: 226 · 2018: 271 · 2017: 227 · 2016: 237 · 2015: 203 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091860, P30MH089888)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotional processing, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, negative emotions, fear, anxiety, emotion appraisal, emotional expression, positive emotions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex
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