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Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex
Open accessAbstract
Negative emotional stimuli activate a broad network, including the medial prefrontal (mPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortices. An early influential view dichotomized these regions into dorsal-caudal “cognitive” and ventral-rostral “affective” subdivisions. In this review, we examine a wealth of recent research on negative emotions in animals and humans, using the example of fear/anxiety, and conclude that, contrary to the traditional dichotomy, both subdivisions make key contributions to emotional processing. Specifically, dorsal-caudal regions of the ACC/mPFC are involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion, while ventral-rostral portions of the ACC/mPFC have a regulatory role with respect to limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses. Moreover, this new framework is broadly consistent with emerging data on other negative and positive emotions.
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“particular connectivity between the dMPFC and the rostral ACC has been implicated in the conscious appraisal of emotion (Etkin et al., 2011),”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Increased late-phase dACC activation in the acceptance condition was found in regions that directly overlap with those reported in the extinction of contextual fear, and in particular the early stages of within-session extinction (Lang et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Like dACC, pregenual ACC has been implicated in social pain and rejection (Rotge et al., 2014), as well as during the regulation of emotional conflicts (Etkin et al., 2011), and responses to social-evaluative threat (Wager et al., 2009).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“The dACC has been shown to be involved in monitoring and appraisal of potential threat and emotion conflict (Etkin et al., 2011).”
From Neural responses to social threat and predictors of cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Etkin et al. (45) proposes both sections to be involved in emotion processing, but with the dorsal regions playing a role in evaluation and expression of negative affect, and the ventral regions (subgenual and pregenual ACC) having a regulatory role by inhibiting the emotional response via the limbic system.”
From SSRI Treatment Response Prediction in Depression Based on Brain Activation by Emotional Stimuli (2020) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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“Many PFC areas are particularly associated with control over emotionally relevant information (hot CC) [60–64, 66], which, as discussed earlier, show some dissociations from cool CC.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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“This is consistent with previous work showing that dACC activation is associated with appraisal and expression of fear and pain (Etkin et al. 2011), as well as a sense of personal agency or will to persevere (Parvizi et al. 2013).”
From Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al. 2011
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“In fact, some parts of cACC are highly involved in emotional processes that include negative valence such as pain unpleasantness (Vogt et al., 1993), social exclusion (Eisenberger, 2012) and fear potentiation and appraisal (Etkin et al., 2011; Milad and Quirk, 2012).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
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“Importantly, although the rACC and cACC differ in their involvement in attentional tasks—as has long been suggested (Bush et al., 2000)—there is little support for a general division between an emotional and a non-emotional cingulate (Etkin et al., 2011; Okon-Singer et al., 2015).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“The ACC plays a central role in processing positively valenced emotions [239] and other rewards [240], and in coding value representations of anticipated rewards [241]”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [239]
In the citing paper
“These ventral ACC regions correspond to the ‘affective' subdivision of the ACC, which is densely interconnected with limbic and paralimbic structures (eg, amygdala, nucleus accumbens), has been implicated in emotion expression/regulation, and is a critical hub in the default mode network linked to self-referential processing (Buckner et al, 2008; Etkin et al, 2011).”
From Neural Correlates of Three Promising Endophenotypes of Depression: Evidence from the EMBARC Study (2016) · cites this paper as Etkin et al, 2011
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Citations
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“Reviewing both animal and human studies, Etkin et al. (2011) reported that both dorsal and ventral ACC have roles in emotional processing, with dorsal regions involved in appraisal and expression of negative emotion.”
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“As mentioned earlier, the vmPFC/rACC and insula have received attention from researchers because of their roles in emotional regulation and awareness, respectively (Craig, 2009; Etkin et al., 2011).”
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“This region is thought to be important for various cognitive and affective functions, including emotional processing [79], conflict monitoring [80], and the learning and selection of high-level behavioral plans [81].”
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“The mPFC and dACC have been implicated in pain processing, conflict monitoring and error processing, fear expression, and appraisal of emotionally salient stimuli [41,48-50].”
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“, 2010), and may represent the domain-general controller of perceived fear and aversiveness thought to modulate negative affective responses in phylogenetically older structures of the emotion processing system (Diekhof et al., 2011; Etkin et al., 2011; Linares et al., 2012).”
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“Whereas ventral aspects of the ACC (e.g., perigenual and subgenual regions) are implicated in emotion regulation, dACC is associated with the expression of fear (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialDepressive symptoms, anxiety and cognitive impairment: emerging evidence in multiple sclerosis
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“Even though the payoffs are the same, considerations about fairness/unfairness are attached to the economic interactions reflecting activity of empathy networks, theory of mind (ToM) and decision-making (Etkin et al., 2011).”
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“Other prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions serving executive functions (Bush et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2011) have been implicated in gSAD such as dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and medial orbitofrontal cortex (Goldin et al., 2009; Stein et al., 2002; Tillfors et al., 2002) as well as higher-level visual…”
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“, 2004), affective processing (Etkin et al., 2011), social processing (Beckmann et al.”
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“The rACC was chosen due to its relationship to suicide (van Heeringen and Mann, 2014) as well its role in affective/emotional regulation in MDD (Etkin et al., 2011; Rihmer, 2007).”
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“, 2001), and the orbitofrontal gyrus its emotional component (Etkin et al., 2011; Kross, 2009).”
InfluentialSex differences in fear extinction
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“FE training activates both, the dorsal and ventral parts, from which the vmPFC shows gradual increases (Delgado et al., 2008; Etkin et al., 2011; Fullana et al., 2018).”
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“…dlPFC, dACC Learning/memory BRIEF* Associative learning PTSD MDD GAD TBI SUD dlPFC, dACC, hippocampus, thalamus, dorsal striatum EmotionRegulation,which is linked to brain connectivity between frontal regions and the amygdala (Milad et al., 2009; Rougemont-Bücking et al., 2011; Etkin et al., 2011).”
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“Similar to the mOFC, the amPFC shows close connections with emotional and autonomic centers in the brain and is involved in assigning a subjective value to an event against the background of past experiences and personal values (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSanjuan, P. M., Thoma, R., Claus, E. D., Mays, N., & Caprihan, A. (2013) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.09.002 · Cited by 125
“…and prefrontal cortex (Pandya et al., 1981) and is thought to play a central part in emotional processing, including appraisal, cognitive reappraisal, negative emotional expression, emotional response generation (Etkin et al., 2011; Ochsner et al., 2009), and problem solving (Allman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialDifferent brain circuitries mediating controllable and uncontrollable pain
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“The mPFC is suggested to play a major role in emotional processing, with regulatory functions of the perigenual and subgenual ACC and mPFC especially for negative emotions (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLoss of MeCP2 From Forebrain Excitatory Neurons Leads to Cortical Hyperexcitation and Seizures
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“More recent ACC structure–function parcellations implicate subgenual and perigenual subregions in emotion regulation and fear extinction, while dorsal ACC regions are engaged in emotional appraisal, expression and cognitive control.(114) ACC–subcortical connections include the nucleus accumbens/ventral caudate, ventra…”
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“The dACC is implicated in the regulation of both cognitive and emotional processing (Etkin et al , 2011; Phan et al , 2002).”
Brain Cortical Activity Is Influenced by Exercise Mode and Intensity
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“, 2011), and failure to update might underlie anxiety disorders (Etkin et al., 2011; Pitman et al., 2012; Rauch et al., 2006; Shin and Liberzon, 2010).”
Functional Connectivity Bias in the Prefrontal Cortex of Psychopaths
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“This region participates both in the integration of affectively salient signals into cognitive control processes mediated by the prefrontal cortex (52-54) as well as in conflict monitoring (55,56).”
BackgroundFrank, G. K. W., Shott, M. E., Riederer, J., & Pryor, T. L. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.199 · Cited by 115
Gianaros, P. J., Marsland, A. L., Kuan, D. C.-H., Schirda, B. L., Jennings, J. R., Sheu, L. K., Hariri, A. R., Gross, J. J., & Manuck, S. B. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.10.012 · Cited by 120
“The dACC supports multiple functions important for effortful and goal directed behaviors, with growing evidence further implicating the dACC in emotional appraisal and regulation functions that are integrated with visceral control processes (22, 37, 86, 87).”
BackgroundLet the man choose what to do: Neural correlates of spontaneous lying and truth-telling
Yin, L., Reuter, M., & Weber, B. (2015) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2015.11.007 · Cited by 124
Subacute effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca on the salience and default mode networks
Pasquini, L., Palhano-Fontes, F., & de Araújo, D. B. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120909409 · Cited by 120
“By which mechanisms may ayahuasca mediate changes in interoception, affect, and self-referential processes? Hubs of the salience network, such as the insula and the anterior cingulate, have been consistently associated with emotional processing (Craig, 2009; Critchley and Harrison, 2013; Etkin et al., 2011; Ochsner an…”
BackgroundKalisch, R., & Gerlicher, A. M. V. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.002 · Cited by 118
Self-citationCho, Y. T., Ernst, M., & Fudge, J. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0170-13.2013 · Cited by 110
“…guided social responses, as area 24 has been shown to mediate social contact and reappraisal (Hadland et al., 2003; Amodio and Frith, 2006; Etkin et al., 2011), while Id and Ig process tactile stimulation (Friedman et al., 1986; Craig, 2002), and caudostriatal regions negotiate facial and…”
BackgroundBreton, J., Charbit, A. R., Snyder, B. J., Fong, P. T. K., Dias, E. V., Himmels, P., Lock, H., & Margolis, E. B. (2018) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.24572 · Cited by 126
A meta-analysis of changes in brain activity in clinical depression
Palmer, S. M., Crewther, S. G., Carey, L. M., & The START Project Team (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.01045 · Cited by 116
The Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation by Implementation Intentions
Hallam, G. P., Webb, T. L., Sheeran, P., Miles, E., Wilkinson, I. D., Hunter, M. D., Barker, A. T., Woodruff, P. W. R., Totterdell, P., Lindquist, K. A., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119500 · Cited by 117
“, immediacy, efficiency, and redundancy of conscious intent; see [10] for a review), and theoretical proposals that automatic regulation of emotion might be supported by medial frontal areas such as orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) [24–26], ER by implementation intentions should show a different pattern of prefrontal recrui…”
Backgroundvan Noordt, S. J. R., & Segalowitz, S. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00197 · Cited by 128
“, 2005), as well as appraisal and motivational responses to behavioral and environmental feedback (Ridderinkhof et al., 2004b; Schnider et al., 2005; Diekhof et al., 2011; Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBrain networks predicting placebo analgesia in a clinical trial for chronic back pain
Hashmi, J. A., Baria, A. T., Baliki, M. N., Huang, L., Schnitzer, T. J., & Apkarian, V. A. (2012) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2012.08.008 · Cited by 115
“The dmPFC has a well-described role in affective states, anxiety, fear, disgust, emotional appraisal, situations of uncertainty or ambiguity, and conscious threat appraisal [22,25,36].”
BackgroundBehavioral and Neural Mechanisms of Overgeneralization in Anxiety
Laufer, O., Israeli, D., & Paz, R. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.023 · Cited by 129
“These differential activations in PFC are compatible with the roles of the ACC in promoting anxiety and fear and the role of the ventro-medial cortices in fear modulation and safety [19–22].”
ResultPhan, K. L., Coccaro, E. F., Angstadt, M., Kreger, K. J., Mayberg, H. S., Liberzon, I., & Stein, M. B. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.10.003 · Cited by 114
“Amongst prefrontal regions, the vmPFC has been posited to play a unique role in regulation of emotion (44, 45), particularly in the regulation of exaggerated anxiety states (28, 29).”
BackgroundA neurobiological enquiry into the origins of our experience of the sublime and beautiful
Ishizu, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00891 · Cited by 115
The neural signature of escalating frustration in humans
Yu, R., Mobbs, D., Seymour, B., Rowe, J. B., & Calder, A. J. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.02.013 · Cited by 122
Brain structure correlates of emotion-based rash impulsivity
Muhlert, N., & Lawrence, A. D. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.04.061 · Cited by 113
“appears to be part of a broader role for this region in higher-level emotional appraisal (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialSankar, A., Melin, A., Lorenzetti, V., Horton, P., Costafreda, S. G., & Fu, C. H. Y. (2018) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.07.002 · Cited by 114
Gender differences in neural correlates of stress-induced anxiety
Seo, D., Ahluwalia, A., Potenza, M. N., & Sinha, R. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23926 · Cited by 114
“The medial PFC has been found to be a critical regulator of emotion, stress, and amygdalar responses (Diorio et al., 1993; Ochsner et al., 2002; Urry et al., 2006; Etkin et al., 2011), and amygdalar dysfunction has been associated with increased emotional distress and anxiety disorders (Myers-Schulz and Koenigs, 2012).”
BackgroundBrain structural changes as vulnerability factors and acquired signs of post-earthquake stress
Sekiguchi, A., Sugiura, M., Taki, Y., Kotozaki, Y., Nouchi, R., Takeuchi, H., Araki, T., Hanawa, S., Nakagawa, S., Miyauchi, C. M., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.51 · Cited by 117
Encoding of Touch Intensity But Not Pleasantness in Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Case, L. K., Laubacher, C. M., Olausson, H., Wang, B., Spagnolo, P. A., & Bushnell, M. C. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1130-15.2016 · Cited by 111
“Although the dorsal ACC has consistently been implicated in the appraisal of frightening and painful stimuli, the mPFC/OFC and the ventral ACC, including the pgACC, have been consistently associated with positive emotion and regulation of negative emotion (Etkin et al., 2011; Grabenhorst and Rolls, 2011; Ellingsen et…”
BackgroundSex differences in extinction recall in posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot fMRI study
Shvil, E., Sullivan, G. M., Schafer, S., Markowitz, J. C., Campeas, M., Wager, T. D., Milad, M. R., & Neria, Y. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.02.003 · Cited by 113
Hypoactive medial prefrontal cortex functioning in adults reporting childhood emotional maltreatment
van Harmelen, A., van Tol, M., Dalgleish, T., van der Wee, N. J. A., Veltman, D. J., Aleman, A., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Elzinga, B. M. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu008 · Cited by 122
“The dorsal mPFC plays a vital role in the (re-) appraisal of emotional stimuli, whereas the ventral mPFC dampens fear responses through its regulation of the amygdala (Phillips et al ., 2003; Etkin et al ., 2011).”
BackgroundEffects of Prior-Knowledge on Brain Activation and Connectivity During Associative Memory Encoding
Liu, Z., Grady, C. L., & Moscovitch, M. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw047 · Cited by 125
“…can support a wide range of social, affective, or evaluative processes (Barrett and Bar 2009; Binder et al. 2009; Luo et al. 2010; O’Reilly 2010; Etkin et al. 2011; Grabenhorst and Rolls 2011; Roy et al. 2012), it is also likely that the vmPFC may play a similar evaluative role in…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialQuaedflieg, C. W. E. M., van de Ven, V. G., Meyer, T., Siep, N., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., & Smeets, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124141 · Cited by 118
“down-regulate limbic regions involved in generating emotional responses [55,56].”
BackgroundBernard, J. A., Russell, C. E., Newberry, R. E., Goen, J. R. M., & Mittal, V. A. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.01.034 · Cited by 113
“Indeed, these frontal regions have been implicated in emotion regulation and the cognitive control of emotion (reviewed in Etkin et al., 2011; Ochsner and Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundEarly-life and pubertal stress differentially modulate grey matter development in human adolescents
Tyborowska, A., Volman, I., Niermann, H. C. M., Pouwels, J. L., Smeekens, S., Cillessen, A. H. N., Toni, I., & Roelofs, K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27439-5 · Cited by 118
Novaes, M. M., Palhano-Fontes, F., Onias, H., Andrade, K. C., Soares, B. L., Sanchez, T. A., Kozasa, E. H., Santaella, D. F., & de Araújo, D. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00467 · Cited by 128
“Besides being part of the salience network, the ACC has been implicated in a number of processes of emotion and reasoning, including the reassessment of emotional stimuli (66, 91).”
BackgroundDifferential neural circuitry and self-interest in realvshypothetical moral decisions
FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Thompson, R., Evans, D., Schweizer, S., & Mobbs, D. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss069 · Cited by 113
“…amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; the Decide event in the Real PvG contrasted with the Decide event in the Non-Moral Task [Table 1]) two regions that are known to process emotionally aversive stimuli (Bechara et al., 2003), especially during emotional conflict (Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialAversive Learning Modulates Cortical Representations of Object Categories
Dunsmoor, J. E., Kragel, P. A., Martin, A. D., & LaBar, K. S. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht138 · Cited by 117
“In all, the collection of areas identi fi ed as showing a main effect of aversive learning have been commonly identi fi ed in traditional human neuroimaging studies employing single, repeated CS+ and CS − exem-plars (LaBar and Cabeza 2006; Sehlmeyer et al. 2009; Etkin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundBrief mindfulness meditation improves emotion processing
Wu, R., Liu, L.-L., Zhu, H., Su, W.-J., Cao, Z.-Y., Zhong, S.-Y., Liu, X.-H., & Jiang, C.-L. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.01074 · Cited by 110
Learning not to Fear: Neural Correlates of Learned Safety
Kong, E., Monje, F. J., Hirsch, J., & Pollak, D. D. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.191 · Cited by 113
“…2007; Milad et al, 2006; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005) and that the mPFC is also recruited in several other paradigms involving emotional regulation (Etkin et al, 2006, 2011a; Etkin and Schatzberg, 2011b; Roy et al, 2012) invites a reassessment of the role of this prefrontal control center in…”
BackgroundMarusak, H. A., Iadipaolo, A. S., Harper, F. W. K., Elrahal, F., Taub, J. W., Goldberg, E., & Rabinak, C. A. (2017) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-017-9365-1 · Cited by 128
“The link between psychological wellbeing and PFC response during working memory is not surprising given that areas of the PFC are also implicated in socioemotional processes (Etkin et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSuarez‐Jimenez, B., Albajes‐Eizagirre, A., Lazarov, A., Zhu, X., Harrison, B. J., Raduà, J., Neria, Y., & Fullana, M. A. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001387 · Cited by 125
“, 2014), are implicated in the ‘diminished executive function and emotional regulation model’ (Liberzon and Sripada, 2008; Etkin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialKillgore, W. D. S. (2013) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.3106 · Cited by 106
Icenhour, A., Langhorst, J., Benson, S., Schlamann, M. U., Hampel, S., Engler, H., Forsting, M., & Elsenbruch, S. (2014) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12489 · Cited by 109
Impaired integration in psychopathy: A unified theory of psychopathic dysfunction.
Hamilton, R. K. B., Racer, K. H., & Newman, J. P. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0039703 · Cited by 116
Anxiety Patients Show Reduced Working Memory Related dlPFC Activation During Safety and Threat
Balderston, N. L., Vytal, K. E., O’Connell, K., Torrisi, S., Letkiewicz, A. M., Monique Ernst, D., & Grillon, C. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22518 · Cited by 106
Resilience training that can change the brain.
Tabibnia, G., & Radecki, D. (2018) · Consulting psychology journal · doi:10.1037/cpb0000110 · Cited by 124
Early Social Adversity, Altered Brain Functional Connectivity, and Mental Health
Holz, N. E., Berhe, O., Sacu, S., Schwarz, E., Tesarz, J., Heim, C. C., & Tost, H. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.019 · Cited by 114
“Particularly extensive empirical evidence for adaptation to early stress events exists for functional regulatory circuits connecting the amygdala to the mPFC and adjacent perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pACC) (Figure 2A) (20), which has been linked to alterations in hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal axis function (2…”
BackgroundShpaner, M., Kelly, C. A. M., Lieberman, G., Perelman, H., Davis, M., Keefe, F. J., & Naylor, M. R. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.07.008 · Cited by 113
“This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).”
BackgroundInfluentialTusche, A., Smallwood, J., Bernhardt, B. C., & Singer, T. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.076 · Cited by 107
“…or reflect the regulation of externally cued emotional responses (Bechara et al., 2000; Berridge and Kringelbach, 2013; Davidson et al., 2000; Etkin and Wager, 2007; Etkin et al., 2011; Grabenhorst and Rolls, 2011; Izquierdo et al., 2005; Kringelbach, 2013; Rolls et al., 1994; Roy et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe next frontier in tourism emotion research
Moyle, B., McLennan, C.-L., Bec, A., & Scott, N. (2017) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2017.1388770 · Cited by 108
Changes in functional connectivity of pain modulatory systems in women with primary dysmenorrhea
Wei, S., Chao, H., Tu, C., Li, W., Low, I., Chuang, C.-Y., Chen, L., & Hsieh, J. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000340 · Cited by 107
“The dmPFC acts in the cognitive appraisal or reappraisal of emotion, whereas the vmPFC serves a regulatory role in generating emotional responses.(12,22) In this study, PAG-dmPFC (BA 9) FC correlated negatively with the sensory subscale (pain quality) of the present PRI (Fig.”
BackgroundMontag, C., Zhao, Z., Sindermann, C., Xu, L., Fu, M., Li, J., Zheng, X., Li, K., Kendrick, K. M., Dai, J., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19904-y · Cited by 118
Pharmacological modulation of AMPA receptor rescues social impairments in animal models of autism
Kim, J., Park, K., Kang, R. J., Gonzales, E. L., Kim, D. G., Oh, H. A., Seung, H., Ko, M. J., Kwon, K. J., Kim, K. C., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0098-5 · Cited by 111
Pan, N., Wang, S., Zhao, Y., Lai, H., Qin, K., Li, J., Biswal, B. B., Sweeney, J. A., & Gong, Q. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25361 · Cited by 107
Kennis, M., Rademaker, A. R., van Rooij, S. J. H., Kahn, R. S., & Geuze, E. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22615 · Cited by 109
“Studies investigating cytoarchitecture and function of the ACC have generally distinguished four subdivisions [Etkin et al., 2011; Palomero-Gallagher et al., 2009; Shackman et al., 2011; Vogt et al., 2003].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Etkin, A., Egner, T., & Kalisch, R.
- Affiliations
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Etkin, Amit
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-02
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 85-93
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3035157
- OpenAlex
- W2050618347
- Semantic Scholar
- 54512ee234d533a5cb9cf8991a03f589cdd77376
- Cited by
- 3,059
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 191 · 2025: 190 · 2024: 196 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 216 · 2020: 228 · 2019: 226 · 2018: 271 · 2017: 227 · 2016: 237 · 2015: 203 · 2014: 199 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 96
- FWCI
- 7.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091860, P30MH089888)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- emotional processing, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, negative emotions, fear, anxiety, emotion appraisal, emotional expression, positive emotions
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex
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