Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex

“Trends in Cognitive Sciences November 2011, Vol. 15, No. 11 preponderance of activations in the temporal pole (13 studies) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (10 studies), both of which play a central role in emotion [34,35].”

“…signal” that can be triggered by diverse brain pathways, including high-level cognitive areas in the dlPFC. Finally, in another influential review, Etkin et al. (2011) suggested that vmPFC and adjacent regions might “perform a generic negative emotion inhibitory function that can be recruited…”

“Numerous reviews on molecular mechanisms of extinction, clinical relevance, and inhibition circuitry within the amygdala have recently appeared (Pape & Paré 2010, Herry et al 2010, Sotres-Bayon & Quirk 2010, Myers et al 2011, Etkin et al 2011).”

“Dorsal ACC has been shown to be posit ively correlated with sympathetic activity related to f ear expression; whereas, ventral ACC (including pACC and VMPFC) has been more associated with inhibit ion of expression during extinction, and recall of extinction of f ear af ter extinguishing prior conditioned associations…”

“…which we found increased baseline activation (39) is lateral to regions that we found show increased DMN connectivity in MDD, it is important to consider that subregions of the sgPFC have reliably shown similar response profiles and are thought to comprise a functionally homogenous region (45–50).”

“…Somatic marker theory Zald et al. (2014) Meta-analysis mOFC, lOFC Coactivation patterns Domhoff and Fox (2015) Review/meta-analysis mOFC Dreaming Etkin et al. (2011) Review mOFC, aMCC Threat expression vs regulation Barrett and Simmons (2015) Review/Model sgACC Interoception and prediction Vogt…”

“This is consistent with the idea that the dorsal prefrontal (encompassing cingulate and dorsomedial) cortex is involved a emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011), especially appraisal (Maier et al.”

“The isocortical regions can be divided into ventromedial, rostromedial, and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC, rmPFC, dmPFC, respectively) and the presupplementary and supplementary motor areas (preSMA and SMA, respectively) (160).”

“For example, the presentation of cue arrays associated with conflicting response options (as in the Eriksen flanker task) elicits the N2, a negative potential that peaks approximately 300 ms after the onset of conflicting cue arrays (for a review, see: Folstein and Van Petten, 2008).”

“The ACC is one candidate region where processing of this interaction between cognitive and affective representation takes place (Etkin et al., 2011).”

“Although we did not find a significant association between childhood income and mPFC, a region involved in reappraisal, the precentral gyrus is structurally interconnected and frequently activated with the mPFC as well as lateral PFC during Reappraisal (50).”

“Alexithymia is thought to be the product of developmental dysfunction of, or reduced connectivity between, limbic structures, including the anterior insula (AI) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC);(69,70) the regions implicated in the subjective experience of emotion, affect recognition and empathy.(70,71) Early studi…”

“The transition from cortical nociception to conscious pain and its multiple attentional-cognitive modulations requires the recruitment of a second set of cortical networks.”

“However, it has also been implicated in functions informed by conceptualization, such as volitional action selection, emotion, and several executive functions (Barrett and Satpute, 2013; Etkin et al., 2011; Etkin et al., 2006; Silvetti et al., 2014).”

“…et al., 2005), correlated activation of the amygdala and the hippocampus for emotional pictures (Dolcos et al., 2004; Richardson et al., 2004), and prefrontal-cingulate networks in emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011) and decision-making (Elliott and Dolan, 1998; Rogers et al., 2004).”

“, 2008), while voluntary cognitive change strategies recruited the right DLPFC and ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), in addition to the ACG and DMPFC (Etkin et al., 2011; Kalisch, 2009; McRae et al., 2010; Phillips et al., 2008; Staudinger et al., 2009).”

“…rACC has been linked to emotional processing, more specifically the assessment of emotional valence of external and internal stimuli (Phan et al. 2002) and more recently it has been argued that rACC has a regulatory role in processing of emotional stimuli (Etkin et al. 2011; Kanske and Kotz 2011).”

“Prior studies have linked the medial frontal cortex with the subjective feelings of emotions (Barrett et al. 2007; Etkin et al. 2011; Herbert et al. 2011; Satpute et al. 2012) and self-awareness (Lane et al.”

“Recent reviews have called attention to the involvement of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in PTSD [46,47], which may subserve learned fear, fear appraisal and expression, and sympathetic activity [48].”

“[Etkin et al. (2011) provide a compelling and up-to-date review of this literature.]”

“These brain regions were chosen as both cingulate cortex and hippocampus have been implicated in contextual memory extinction and cognitive flexibility (Myers and Davis, 2007; Floresco and Jentsch, 2011; Etkin et al., 2011).”

“Etkin et al. suggested a differentiation between anterior and dorsal parts of prefrontal areas with regard to their function in emotion regulation (Etkin et al., 2011).”

“Furthermore, the dorsal ACC is thought to work in concert with the amygdala to generate the bodily response to emotion (Etkin et al., 2011).”

“Notably, these brain regions are not only involved in non-affective interoception; they also play a central role in processing one’s own emotions [7–11].”

“The anterior cingulate cortex has a key role in emotional processing which has been proposed to involve the region in its entirety, rather than having a functional dichotomy in which the ventral region is involved in emotional processing while the caudal region is responsible for cognitive functions (Etkin et al., 201…”

“, the orbital frontal cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala, are closely related to emotions [5], [6], [7], which provides us a potential way to decode emotion by recording human’s brain signals over these brain regions.”

“Another review (Etkin et al. 2011) of this literature came to a very similar conclusion, suggesting that the dACC is involved in the appraisal and expression of negative affect, whereas the rostral-ventral ACC is more strongly involved in regulating (reducing) negative affect.”

“…has a critical role in arousal regulation with causal influence on physiological signals like skin conductance responses (e.g. Banks et al., 2007; Etkin et al., 2006, 2011; Fisher et al., 2009; Gee et al., 2013; Goldin et al., 2008; McRae et al., 2012; Hare et al., 2008; Hariri et al., 2003;…”

“However, the dACC is a multifaceted region, implicated in numerous ways in both cognitive and emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011).”

“…cortex, anterior cingulate gyri (subgenual, pregenual, and dorsal), inferior frontal gyri, anterior temporal lobes, amygdala, and anterior insula (Etkin, Egner, & Kalisch, 2011; Hamann, 2012; Kober et al., 2008; Lindquist, Wager, Kober, Bliss-Moreau, & Barrett, 2012; Phan, Wager, Taylor, &…”

“…with performance monitoring (Botvinick et al., 2004; van Noordt and Segalowitz, 2012), but also with appraisal and expression of negative emotion (Etkin et al., 2011), which may reflect the monitoring of the extent to which one's current regulation efforts are changing emotional responses in…”

“Although these results suggest that the sgACC may also play a critical role in the appraisal or expression of emotional and cognitive processes involved in social rejection from a neurodevelopmental perspective, a recent review rather argued for a regulatory role of sgACC in negative emotions (Etkin et al., 2011).”

“The recent neuroscience researches showed that human’s emotion is closely related to a variety of brain cortex regions [17], such as the orbital frontal cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala [18][19][20].”

“making sure current strategies meet the regulatory goals (Etkin et al., 2011; Kim and Hamann, 2007).”

“amygdala and insula), which presumably reflects increased sensitivity to conditioned fear-cues and elevated interoceptive monitoring of arousal and aversive states (Etkin et al., 2011; LeDoux, 2012; Pessoa and Adolphs, 2010).”

“Co-activation of these regions is frequently observed in human fMRI studies and has been linked prominently to the elicitation of negative affective states, including threat-related anticipatory anxiety (Etkin et al., 2011; Medford and Critchley, 2010).”

“The ACC plays a central role in processing positively valenced emotions [239] and other rewards [240], and in coding value representations of anticipated rewards [241], as shown in studies of sleep deprivation [242-245], psychopharmacological intervention [246-250], cognitive behavioral therapy [251,252] and a combine…”

“Consistent with data from animal models, the dorsal ACC/mPFC are engaged during fear expression and early extinction, while the ventral ACC/mPFC (IL homolog) are active during late extinction (Etkin et al., 2011).”

“…emotions while rACC has subcortical connections to limbic structures and likely plays a role in regulating and generating affective responses (Etkin et al., 2011). rACC projects directly to subcortical regions such as amygdala and hippocampus (Devinsky et al., 1995) and is commonly…”

“Furthermore, alexithymia was associated with lower activity in the dACC, a region which play a role in conflict processing in an emotional context [90,91].”

“…1) serotonin-modulated emotion processing and implicit emotion regulation circuitry centered on the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (Etkin et al., 2011; Hariri et al., 2002; Pezawas et al., 2005; Phillips et al., 2008; Surguladze et al., 2012); and 2) dopamine-modulated reward…”

“Thus, we predict the involvement of lateral prefrontal systems in maintaining and implementing regulatory goals, as well as of posterior medial prefrontal regions that monitor whether strategies are being effectively implemented [18,67].”

“For example, human neuroimaging studies show that medial prefrontal activation correlates positively and amygdala activation correlates negatively with cognitive emotion regulation (Etkin et al., 2011; Ochsner et al., 2002) and fear extinction (Milad, Wright, et al.”

“FAAH C385A mice showed decreased latency to drink milk in the NIH task, suggesting decreased anxiety phenotype (ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett’s test (F(2,44)1⁄4 5.”

“Further, anterior, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) have been associated with affective processes, including emotion (Etkin et al., 2011; Lindquist et al., 2012), autonomic function (Critchley et al.”

“The amygdala, along with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region central to emotion regulation [Etkin et al., 2011, 2015], displays unique activation patterns among PTSD patients across a number of modalities, including symptom provocation [Frewen et al., 2011; Hayes et al., 2012; Hopper et al.,…”

“Recent theories suggest that DMPFC and VMPFC serve separable emotion regulation functions that likely emerge from distinct relationships with the amygdala.(37,40) Specifically, VMPFC, including the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), is implicated in automatic emotion regulation and is essential to successful e…”

“Given the involvement of the dorsal ACC in both cognitive and emotional processing (Etkin et al., 2011), the increase in dorsal ACC activation may be associated with increased cognitive demand in individuals with alexithymia. This hypothesis is supported by an EEG-study of Pollatos and Gramann (2011), in which alexith…”

“Substantial evidence indicates that the mPFC and adjacent anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are involved in down-regulation of the amygdala (for a review see Etkin et al., 2011).”

“This brain region is involved in effortful mental processes such as emotional processing and control [46], self-regulation [47] and performance monitoring [44], as well as appearing to be important in effort/ reward processing [48], persevering with a task [49] and perceived exertion during endurance exercise [50].”

“…human neuroimaging studies of classical fear-conditioning, in the amygdala, anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC; for reviews see Sehlmeyer et al., 2009; Etkin et al., 2011) are predicted to decrease as the presented GS diverges from CSþ.”

“However, this apparent discrepancy seems to at least partially stem from the fact that unlike human studies, rodent studies mostly use fear conditioning paradigms, which in humans also activate all subregions across ACC and MCC [3].”

“, 2017b), emotional regulation (Etkin et al., 2011), and decision-making (Kennerley et al.”

“Other lines of evidence suggest a role of the ACC in emotional (Bush et al., 2000; Etkin et al., 2011), aesthetic, and artistic experiences (Kawabata and Zeki, 2004; Vartanian and Goel, 2004; Jacobsen et al.”

“stimulus value assignment (24–27) and goal-directed decision-making (28–32) rACC (caudal BA 24) and anterior vmPFC (dorsal BA 11 & rostral-most portion of BA 32) are often associated with the cognitive control of emotion (33;34).”

“Furthermore, a growing body of human research suggests that there is increased functional connectivity between DMPFC and threat-related limbic structures during negative emotional states and among individuals with mood disorders (Etkin et al., 2011).”

“…performance (Eckert et al. 2009; Menon and at Stanford U niversity on A ugust 10, 2016 http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from Uddin 2010; Cai et al. 2014), while the dACC is involved more with mood (Etkin et al. 2011) and external attention (Raz et al. 2002; Petersen and Posner 2012).”

“At the same time, the anterior cingulate region and its connections remain strongly implicated in emotional processes (Dalgleish, 2004; Etkin et al., 2011, 2015; Fan et al., 2011).”

“The dominant view is that the vmPFC inhibits (‘‘puts the brakes on’’) the aggressive responses mediated by the amygdala, hypothalamus, and PAG ( Nelson and Trainor 2007; Schiller and Delgado 2010; Diekhof et al. 2011; Etkin et al. 2011).”

“PSYCHIATRY ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 14 November 2011 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00062 Altered amygdala resting-state functional connectivity in post-traumatic stress disorder”