The DOI matches its Crossref record; 114 of the 117 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter
Abstract
Building on animal research, the past decade has witnessed a surge of interest in the effects of oxytocin on social cognition and prosocial behavior in humans. This work has generated considerable excitement about identifying the neurochemical underpinnings of sociality in humans, and discovering compounds to treat social functioning deficits. Inspection of the literature, however, reveals that the effects of oxytocin in the social domain are often weak and/or inconsistent. We propose that this literature can be informed by an interactionist approach in which the effects of oxytocin are constrained by features of situations and/or individuals. We show how this approach can improve understanding of extant research, suggest novel mechanisms through which oxytocin might operate, and refine predictions about oxytocin pharmacotherapy.
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In the citing paper
“The trust-enhancing effect (Baumgartner, Heinrichs, Vonlanthen, Fischbacher, & Fehr, 2008;Van IJzendoorn & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2012) may be stronger if a positive relationship already exists between the supportive other and the support recipient (Bartz et al., 2011).”
From Oxytocin enhances the pain‐relieving effects of social support in romantic couples (2019) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“More and more research suggests that OT effects are context dependent (see [29] for a review).”
From Failed Replication of Oxytocin Effects on Trust: The Envelope Task Case (2015) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“More recently, attention has turned to its role in regulating complex social behavior, including parental care, social bonding and social cognition in general (1–6).”
From Statistical and Methodological Considerations for the Interpretation of Intranasal Oxytocin Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Since oxytocin can strengthen the encoding of positive social stimuli to make them more salient, it might facilitate interpersonal intimacy by making the encoding of positive social cues more rewarding and memorable [69].”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“And oxytocin seems to improve empathic accuracy only in less-socially proficient individuals, whereas it has no effect for those who are already well-attuned to social information [69].”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“As parallel data on OT effects in both men and women are still rare and, in part, conflicting (for an overview, see Bartz et al., 2011), it is particularly important to investigate both sexes within the same research design.”
From Sex-specific effects of intranasal oxytocin on autonomic nervous system and emotional responses to couple conflict (2013) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Thus, in line with Bartz et al. (2011) andMcCall andSinger (2012), in our study, OT might have driven quiescence in women and social salience and approach behavior in men.”
From Sex-specific effects of intranasal oxytocin on autonomic nervous system and emotional responses to couple conflict (2013) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“the majority of IN-OT studies do not yield a main IN-OT treatment effects.”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Through the literature, more and more findings suggest that IN-OT influences behaviors by interacting with several moderators (for a review see (19)).”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“These data substantially support the concept that the behavioral effects of OXT are moderated by contextual factors and personal characteristics such as relationship status (Bartz et al., 2011) and provide the first direct evidence for a behavior-modifying role of OXT in helping to maintain monogamous pair-bonds in humans.”
From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“There are also human studies showing that the behavioral effects of AVP and OXT depend on social contextual factors (Declerck et al., 2010; Bartz et al., 2011; Rilling et al., 2012; Olff et al., 2013).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Indeed, endogenous oxytocin may be an important regulator and a biomarker of subjects' social motivation toward, or perception of, a given social context (Bartz et al., 2011; Macdonald and Feifel, 2013).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Of these studies, the focus has been almost exclusively on determining what oxytocin does, to whom and in what contexts (Bartz et al., 2011; Olff et al., 2013; Veening and Olivier, 2013 for reviews).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Recently, however, strong indicators have emerged that such beneficial effects of oxytocin may occur only under specific social circumstances (Bartz et al., 2011; Olff et al., 2013).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“In addition, the effects that oxytocin has and what triggers oxytocin release in a given social context can both vary depending on individual differences such as sex, age, early experience, psychiatric or psychological health (effects of oxytocin: Bartz et al., 2011; Macdonald and Feifel, 2013; Olff et al., 2013; release of oxytocin: Sanders et al., 1990; Turner et al., 1999).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Within-species studies are already demonstrating considerable variation between individuals on the effects that oxytocin has on social behavior, as noted above (for reviews see Bartz et al., 2011; Olff et al., 2013).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“However, a number of studies in healthy people, as well as in patients with psychological or psychiatric disorders show that administration of oxytocin leads to negative not positive social effects (Epperson et al., 1996; Bartz et al., 2011; Feifel, 2011; Mah et al., 2012), suggesting that exogenous oxytocin does not always lead to increased affiliation.”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Likewise, determining how applied doses may relate to endogenous oxytocin levels and their effects has not been addressable, partly because few studies measure endogenous oxytocin levels in conjunction with oxytocin administration (review: Bartz et al., 2011; Olff et al., 2013).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“That oxytocin release may depend more on an individuals' social perception of an interaction than on the properties of the interaction itself mirrors other studies on human and non-human primates which suggest that inhaled oxytocin changes individuals' perception or motivation toward a social context (Chang et al., 2012; Parr et al., 2013, for reviews see: Bartz et al., 2011; Olff et al., 2013).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Studies using exogenous oxytocin have highlighted how a possible effect of oxytocin is to change individuals' social motivations or perceptions of a current social context, such that individuals that inhale oxytocin compared with those that do not, become more affiliative, attentive, prosocial or empathetic to the same social stimuli (e.g., Bartz et al., 2011; Chang et al., 2012; Parr et al., 2013”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Additionally, inhaled OT increases sensitivity to the social information of co-players in a social dilemma game (Declerck et al., 2010, 2013; Mikolajczak et al., 2010; Bartz et al., 2011;)”
From Oxytocin promotes altruistic punishment (2017) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2011
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“…social sensitivity, promote social information processing, facilitate social behavior such as mother-infant bonding, cooperation, and group affiliation [1,2], and has been linked with neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that are characterized by social deficits [3].”
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“Due to its role in parent-child bonding [32], empathy [24,33,34], trust [35,36], and the promotion of social behavior [37], OT has earned a strong popular and scientific reputation as the “hormone of love” or “hormone of attachment” [38].”
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“Given ongoing discussions about the social-specific effects of OT 53, 54 , we carefully pre-161 selected a balanced set of stimuli that included social as well as non-social fearful or neutral stimuli, respectively.”
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“Growing evidence suggests that, rather than having broad prosocial effects, oxytocin may increase how attuned people are to social-emotional cues in their environment 23,29 (for direct evidence of this in rodents, see 30,31 ).”
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“Notably, prior research in the field of OT emphasizes the critical consideration of individual-specific differences when examining its impact on social cognition and behavior (Bartz et al. 2011, Wong et al. 2021).”
The Promise of Intranasal Oxytocin in Treating Borderline Personality Disorder: A Narrative Review
Giannoulis, E., Nousis, C., Eytaxia, L.-A., Kaimakami, O., & Malogiannis, I. A. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15070708 · Cited by 2
“Various studies demonstrate that, while oxytocin may enhance prosociality in some patients with BPD, it can exacerbate symptoms of hypermentalization and mistrust in patients who have experienced severe attachment trauma [23,35,36,41,50,57–59].”
Oxytocin restores context-specific hyperaltruistic preference
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“More importantly, we also test whether the contextual effect of hyperaltru-istic disposition is susceptible to oxytocin, a neuropeptide heavily implicated in social bonding and social cognition ( Bartz et al., 2011 ; Crespi, 2016 ; Young, 2015 ).”
D’Aiello, B., Pontillo, M., Demaria, F., Luzio, M. D., Vincenzo, C. D., Bertoncini, I., Villani, V., Menghini, D., & Vicari, S. (2025) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-025-09665-x · Cited by 1
“Studies in non-clinical and clinical populations have shown that reduced metacognition is associated with less insight into the irrationality of obsessions, reduced internal conflict, and an increased tendency to act on compulsions without engaging in reflective evaluation [63, 64].”
Kikuchi, M., Tanaka, S., Furuhara, K., Higashida, H., & Tsuji, C. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71183 · Cited by 1
“In humans, OT fosters prosocial behaviors such as trust, cooperation, and empathy in a context-dependent manner, often favoring in-group members (Andari et al. 2018 , Bartz et al. 2011 , Ross and Young 2009 , Yao and Kendrick 2025 ).”
Ugurlu, Ö., & Keltner, D. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1418374 · Cited by 1
Hammond, E. R., Monari, P. K., Luebke, E. M., Johnson, A. K., Auger, A. P., & Marler, C. A. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116194 · Cited by 1
Xu, Z., Ye, X., Shen, G., Chen, Y.-H., Luo, X., Sun, H., Kang, Y., Wang, W., Zhou, H., Chen, L., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1680226 · Cited by 1
“…though it is now widely acknowledged that endogenous release or exogenous administration of OXT may facilitate social bonding, emotion regulation, and promote mental health, it has become clear in recent years that these bene fi cial effects of OXT may occur only under speci fi c circumstances (34).”
Oxytocin, vasopressin, sociality, and pathogen avoidance
Kavaliers, M., & Choleris, E. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139017855.017 · Cited by 1
Association of temperament and social behavior with oxytocin levels among toddlers
Fujiwara, T., Ochi, M., & Osawa, M. (2014) · Paediatrics and Health · doi:10.7243/2052-935x-2-2 · Cited by 1
“For example, intranasal OT administration increases both trust and empathy, and improves the capacity to read subtle non-verbal signals allowing individuals to understand the intentions and behavior of social partners [35].”
BackgroundOxytocin, Oxytocin Receptor Genotypes and Social Adaptive Behavior
Nan, W. U., & Yanjie, S. (2013) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2012.00863 · Cited by 1
The biopsychology of motivation
Hoffman, B. H. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800779-2.00003-8 · Cited by 1
Epigenetic Modulation of Human Neurobiological Disorders
Kubota, T., Miyake, K., Hirasawa, T., Onaka, T., & Yamasue, H. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-388415-2.00010-x · Cited by 1
Chan, A. S., & Han, Y. M. Y. (2016) · Journal of Pharmacognosy & Natural Products · doi:10.4172/2472-0992.1000114
“Given the genetic variations of the oxytocin system found in individuals with ASD [44], the therapeutic effects of oxytocin are likely specific to ASD subgroups that have functional problems in the oxytocin receptor system [16].”
BackgroundSelf-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory
Uvnäs‐Moberg, K., Handlin, L., & Petersson, K. M. (2015) · Cited by 1
Neuroetología del comportamiento social de los primates
Chang, S. W. C., Brent, L. J. N., Adams, G. K., Klein, J. T., Pearson, J., & Platt, M. L. (2016) · Ludus vitalis: revista de filosofía de las ciencias de la vida = journal of philosophy of life sciences = revue de philosophie des sciences de la vie · Cited by 1
Carré, J. M., & Olmstead, N. A. (2015) · Cited by 1
Shou, Q., Nishina, K., & Takagishi, H. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770880.020 · Cited by 1
Moral bioenhancements and the future of utilitarianism
Lara, F. (2021) · Ethics & bioethics · doi:10.2478/ebce-2021-0016 · Cited by 1
Li, F., Chiu, P. H., & King‐Casas, B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108770880.014 · Cited by 1
Intranasal oxytocin attenuates the effects of monetary feedback on procedural learning
Doppler, C. E. J., Meyer, L., Seger, A., Karges, W., Weiss, P. H., & Fink, G. R. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105823 · Cited by 1
Music Therapy and Other Music-Based Interventions
Fusar‐Poli, L., Thompson, G. A., Lense, M., & Gold, C. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_63 · Cited by 2
Yuanxiao, M. A., & Xu, C. H. E. N. (2022) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2023.00010 · Cited by 1
Kozieł, S. M., Ignasiak, Z., Ignasiak, Z., Rokita, A., Cichy, I., Dutkowski, A., Ściślak, M., Kochan, K., Spinek, A. E., Spinek, A., et al. (2023) · Anthropological Review · doi:10.18778/1898-6773.85.4.06 · Cited by 2
“For example, OT was found to increase envy and gloating (Shamay-Tsoory 2009), decrease trust and the inclination to cooperate in individuals with borderline personality disorder (Bartz et al. 2011), and facilitate out-group derogation (De Dreu et al. 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialConstant Romantic Feelings and Experiences Can Protect Against Neurodegeneration
Gholami, M., Emanuele, E., & Motaghinejad, M. (2023) · Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ) · doi:10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_28_23 · Cited by 1
The effect of MOZART GST on the secretion of oxytocin
Ueda, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Science and Research Archive · doi:10.30574/ijsra.2023.9.2.0605 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, OT has been associated with the modulation of heart rate variability, a marker of cardiovascular health and autonomic nervous system function [9].”
BackgroundThe Neurochemistry of Instrumental Improvisation in Adults: A Feasibility and Pilot Study
Roth, E. A., Spitsbergen, J. M., & Cintrón‐Colón, A. F. (2023) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0350-4 · Cited by 3
Krug, I., Fung, S., Liu, S., Treasure, J. L., Huang, C., Felmingham, K. L., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., & McConchie, O. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0303824 · Cited by 3
The Neuroscientific Validation of the Leadership Competency Model Drenica
Çitaku, F., & Ramadani, H. (2024) · Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.11648/j.jhrm.20241202.13 · Cited by 1
Sosnowski, M. J., & Brosnan, S. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1418089 · Cited by 2
Xiao, S., Ebner, N. C., Dang, J., Rukh, G., Westberg, L., Schiöth, H. B., & Fischer, H. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.11.017 · Cited by 1
Oxytocin’s role in the interaction between emotion and cognitive control
Ganzel, A. R., Shalev, H., Hochman, S., Zultan, R., Cohen, N., & Naparstek, S. (2025) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109004 · Cited by 2
Older adults looking at dog pictures - psychobiological effects
Correia‐Caeiro, C., Romero, T., Guo, K., & Mills, D. S. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105221 · Cited by 1
“Thus, the social cognitive effects of oxytocin are modulated by the relationship between individuals (Bartz et al., 2011).”
Psychosocial Consequences of Wounds
Upton, D., & Upton, P. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09653-7_1 · Cited by 2
The Neurochemistry of Group Singing: Bonding and Oxytocin
Keeler, J. R. (2015) · Cited by 1
Oxytocin’s Effects in Cocaine and Other Psychostimulant Addictions
Lee, M. R., Rohn, M. C. H., Tanda, G., & Leggio, L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803750-8.00023-3 · Cited by 1
The role of oxytocin in terror management processes
Pfundmair, M., Schindler, S., & Burgstaller, J. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.011 · Cited by 1
Role of oxytocin in social cognition in psychosis spectrum disorders
Benavides, C., Fred-Torres, S., Rutter, S., Larsen, E. M., Fastman, J., Bulbena‐Cabré, A., Lepow, L., Mahon, K., Russo, M., Ungar, A. K., et al. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815315-4.00006-9 · Cited by 1
Engel, S., Schumacher, S., Niemeyer, H., Kuester, A., Burchert, S., Rau, H., Willmund, G., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2020) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000505303 · Cited by 1
Wichtige physiologische und anatomische Grundlagen
Kindermann, H. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-28161-8_3 · Cited by 1
Cardiovascular and Emotional Effects of Music
Fusar‐Poli, L., & Guiot, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28008-6_56 · Cited by 1
Neurobiofisiologia del vinculo y proceso mental en el recien nacido
Massa, J. L. P. (2021) · NACIENDO Revista Española de Psicología y Psicopatología Perinatal e Infantil · doi:10.52961/01.xsfs3036 · Cited by 2
Cardiovascular and Emotional Effects of Music
Fusar‐Poli, L., & Guiot, C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90305-7_56-1 · Cited by 1
Levin, S. B. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Meier, I. M., Montoya, E. R., Spencer, H., Orellana, S. C., van Buuren, M., van Honk, J., & Bos, P. A. (2022) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22349
“Furthermore, the effects of OXT do not only vary depending on task selection but are also strongly determined by context and individual characteristics (Bartz et al., 2011; Olff et al., 2013; Shamay-Tsoory & Abu-Akel, 2016).”
BackgroundThe Adaptive Value of Women’s Orgasm
Welling, L. L. M., Mitchell, V. E., Lunge, J., & Orille, A. C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108943567.014 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bartz, Jennifer A.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 301-9
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2061226698
- Cited by
- 1,581
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 148 · 2016: 134 · 2015: 147 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 123 · 2012: 80
- FWCI
- 10.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Beatrice and Samuel A. Seaver Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD065276-01, R21HD065276)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- oxytocin, social cognition, prosocial behavior, sociality, interactionism, context effects, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Oxytocin, Social Behavior
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