Executive function and developmental disorders: the flip side of the coin
Abstract
Several common developmental disorders emerge during early to middle childhood (e.g. autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder) and are associated with impairments in executive function (EF). Contrary to the prevailing view, I suggest that, within populations at-risk, the association with EF is found because individuals with strong EF skills are better able to compensate for atypicalities in other brain systems early in life, and are therefore less likely to receive a diagnosis later in life. I discuss evidence consistent with this view from considerations of individual variability, neuroimaging, and genetics. To the extent that this view is correct, it offers hope for remediation of some later emerging symptoms, as evidence from typical groups indicates that training programs for EF in preschoolers may be effective in improving skills.
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A typical development of executive functions is considered to be a protective factor in various neurodevelopmental disorders.
“A typical development of executive functions is considered to be a protective factor in various neurodevelopmental disorders (18, 19).”
From Assessment of Sensory Processing and Executive Functions in Childhood: Development, Reliability, and Validity of the EPYFEI (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
Children with executive function deficits are highly likely to be diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder in the future.
“By contrast, children with executive function deficits are highly likely to be diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder in the future (18, 19).”
From Assessment of Sensory Processing and Executive Functions in Childhood: Development, Reliability, and Validity of the EPYFEI (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
Deficits of executive functions and sensory processing have been associated with the later diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder.
“First, because these deficits have been associated with the later diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder (18).”
From Assessment of Sensory Processing and Executive Functions in Childhood: Development, Reliability, and Validity of the EPYFEI (2018) · cites this paper as [18]
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Self-citationApplying gaze-contingent training within community settings to infants from diverse SES backgrounds
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Self-citationEnvironmental and Genetic Influences on Neurocognitive Development
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Editorial: Executive Functions in Psychiatric Disorders
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A Unifying Theory for Autism: The Pathogenetic Triad as a Theoretical Framework
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Risk of Developmental Disorders in Children Born at 32 to 38 Weeks’ Gestation: A Meta-Analysis
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Early Visual Foraging in Relationship to Familial Risk for Autism and Hyperactivity/Inattention
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Development of white matter fiber covariance networks supports executive function in youth
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“By contrast, children with executive function deficits are highly likely to be diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder in the future (18, 19).”
Background
- Authors
- Johnson, M. H.
- Affiliations
- Birkbeck, University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Mark H.
- ORCID
- Johnson, Mark H.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 454-457
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1986075934
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- executive function, developmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, interindividual variability, neuroimaging, early childhood
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Development, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Cognition Disorders, Tourette Syndrome, Humans, Neuronal Plasticity, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Schizophrenia, Prefrontal Cortex, Executive Function
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